Middle East Conflict from a Palestinian Perspective

The Middle East conflict that exists between Palestinian Arabs and Israeli Jews began comparatively not so long ago, in particular at the beginning of the 20th century. This is true that these two nations have different religions; however, their religious differences are not the main cause of the conflict. For the most part their conflict is a struggle over land. To understand the origin of the struggle one should recall in what way Jewish people established their state.By 1929, 156,000 Jewish settlers resided in Palestine. About 4 percent of Palestine land was in the ownership of these settlers but this small amount of land comprised near 14 percent of all agricultural land. The way these lands were acquired by Jews brought about much controversy and dispute. Absentee landlords owned the land of many villages where Palestinians had lived, worked, and died. Zionists then purchased the villages from the absentee landlords and evicted the inhabitants. (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Isra eli)The violence and military actions that increased more and more together with the failure to conciliate Arab and Jewish peoples urged the world community to pull apart these belligerent powers. Thus in 1947 the UN General Assembly ratified the 1947 UN Partition Plan according to which the territory was divided into two states, Jewish and Arab. However, it did not bring expected peace to the area. Immediately following the adoption of the Partition Plan the Arab leadership rejected the plan. The basic reason for rejection was that two parts of the divided territory were equal. On this background almost a year later only one state was proclaimed and it was Israel.After the war of 1948-49, the territory known before as Palestine was split into three parts, the proclaimed state of Israel, the West Bank (of the Jordan River) and the Gaza Strip.The establishment of Jewish state on the Palestinian territory was historically and religiously grounded. Jewish people asserted that this land belonged to them by the biblical promise to Abraham and his descendants, and also they pointed to the fact that this was the historical site of the Jewish kingdom of Israel.Palestinian Arabs' in their turn maintain that land belonged to them as they lived there for centuries and they represented the demographic majority. What concerns the biblical explanation for Jewish land claim Arabs also state that while Ishmael, who was Abraham’s son, is the forefather of the Arabs, then the land promised by God to the children of Abraham must belong to Arabs as well. Thus, from the point of view of religion and history the position of Palestinian and Jews in regard to the land may be considered as equitable.  However, as it was mentioned above the core of the conflict is the land possession and Palestinians rejected the equal land division.The surrounding Arab states supported the Palestinian Arabs in rejecting both the Partition Plan and the establishment of Israel, and the armies o f six Arab nations attacked the newly formed State of Israel. The world has divided into the states that support Israel in its war with Palestine and the states which supported Palestine. Thus the local conflict turned into the global problem.This confrontation lasts up till now and influences the variety of fields in international relations. However, we observe here this conflict only in two aspects. That is its consequences in the context of struggle for energy carriers and in the context of dividing the world into two â€Å"camps†.As it is known the majority of world energy carriers, in particular oil, are controlled by Arab countries. These countries tried to use this factor as the impact factor on the countries that supported Israel in the military confrontation. Thus, in October, 1973, the Arab oil-producing states imposed production restraints and an embargo–their second such attempt. They did so allegedly as a punishment for those countries that supported Israe l in the Middle East war earlier that month. Their first effort at embargo occurred in 1967, following the lightning Israeli victory in the June Six-Day War. That episode is not well-known because it was a total failure. However, global oil market conditions would change substantially in subsequent years. (USA Today, 16+)The second consequence of this conflict was the division of the world into two camps. So, as it is known, Muslims of the world supported Palestine, the USA and some of European countries supported Israel. The implications of this conflict are also burdened by the fact that this division was not simply between different views this was the division of cultures and religions. Some extremists are trying hard to present this conflict as a conflict between Muslim and Christian worlds. We cannot of course assert that the opposition between Jews and Palestinians is the cause of world confrontation; nevertheless, it remains the constant irritant and booster for new conflicts .To conclude with, I suppose that the development of confrontation between Israel and Palestine could have been avoided. Since the reason of the conflict was the land division when the state of Israel was proclaimed, I think that one could not have established the state of Israel having been governed only by the simple principle of equal land division. This principle satisfied Israel but it was unsatisfactory for the Palestinians. In the given situation the world community chose the easier way without showing willingness to find out the essence of disagreement. The principle 50/50 proved to be fallacious. This confrontation should be a lesson for the world community that only through considering the interests of all parties we may reach the peace.Endnotes:1. Losman, Donald â€Å"Oil Is Not a National Security Issue: â€Å"†¦ America Steadfastly Clings to Perceptions Formed in the 1970s, and National Policies Continue to Reflect Oil Paranoia.† USA Today. Vol. 130, Januar y 2002. 16+The article by Donald Losman was useful for my work as it helped me to see the process of how the local conflict or the conflict between two nations can grow into the global problem. This article gives the comprehensive reasoning for oil prices hike in 1970s caused by Middle East conflict. It also shows that there are side parties influencing Israeli – Palestinian relations, which support either of these belligerent powers.2. Mark Daryl Erickson, et al. An Historical Encyclopedia of the Arab-Israeli Conflict. Westport, CT: Greenwood, 1996This book provided me with information on consequences after the state of Israel proclamation and their impact on world policy, the role which it played for world polarization. The book gives the deep analysis for various reasons that led to the Middle East conflict and presents the historical perspective of its development. It helped me to shaper my own ideas on this problem.1. Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia. Retrieved on 24 Jan . 2006 fromhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/IsraelisThe Wikipedia web page was useful in terms of history and general background information about the modern settlement of Jewish people on Palestinians territory. There was also the information about the origin of the conflict between these two nations and the history of establishing the state of Israel.Works cited list:Losman, Donald â€Å"Oil Is Not a National Security Issue: â€Å"†¦ America Steadfastly Clings to Perceptions Formed in the 1970s, and National Policies Continue to Reflect Oil Paranoia.† USA Today. Vol. 130, January 2002. 16+Mark Daryl Erickson, et al. An Historical Encyclopedia of the Arab-Israeli Conflict. Westport, CT: Greenwood,  1996Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia. Retrieved on 24 Jan. 2006 from

Potbelly Sandwich Works

â€Å"Potbelly Sandwich Works† Summary: Potbelly Sandwich Works is a privately held restaurant chain that sells submarine sandwiches in the United States. Potbelly Sandwich Works began in 1977 founded by Peter Hastings. The original store is located in Chicago, in a retail space that was previously an antique store, Hindsight, also owned by Hastings. Many of the items that decorate the store were taken from the former business. Despite the fast-paced, never-a-dull-moment world of antique dealing, the couple decided to bolster their business by making sandwiches for their customers. What began as a lark, turned out to be a stroke of genius. Soon, people who couldn't care less about vintage glass doorknobs were stopping by to enjoy special sandwiches and homemade desserts in this unusual atmosphere. Its name is derived from potbelly stoves common in the late 19th century. In 1998, Bryant L. Keil purchased the original store and expanded Potbelly to over 200 stores in Illinois, Indiana Michigan, Minnesota, Ohio, Texas, Maryland, Virginia, Pennsylvania, New Jersey, Washington D. C. , Kentucky, and Wisconsin. When Bryant Keil paid $1. 7 million for Potbelly Sandwich Works in 1996, people thought he was crazy. Convinced he could take the unique sandwich joint to the next level; Keil acquired Potbelly and has since grown the concept into a 10-state chain that posted 2006 revenue of $140 million. Although Potbelly has many sandwich shop rivals and competition in the fierce quick-serve segment of the restaurant industry, Potbelly has more than held its own. Billed as â€Å"a unique and quirky sandwich joint,† it has a unique appeal. Potbelly’s core strategy elements include the 4P’s- Product, Place, Promotion, and Price. As the years passed, the lines grew. Booths were added, along with ovens for toasting sandwiches to perfection, vista-coolers, napkin dispensers, hand-dipped ice cream – even live music. The little antique shop had become the full-fledged, totally unique sandwich joint that you enjoy today. Potbelly’s core strategy elements include the 4P’s- Product, Place, Promotion, and Price. First is the Product. Anyone can sell a sandwich; you need to be able to sell an experience. Industry observers point to several aspects of the Potbelly experience that make it the first choice for young professionals on a quick lunch break. Friendly service and an unbeat atmosphere, live music, antique fixtures, real books for customers to read or borrow create a homey environment for customers. Then there is the Place. Geographic locations are selected carefully. Bryant Keil looks for cities that are not saturated with sandwich chains and have an urban/suburban density of core customers-young professionals less than 35 years old. Locations must be convient for them since Potbelly stores rely on high repeat business. Then there goes Promotion. Promotions are keyed to events like store openings and National Sandwich Day. For example, on National Sandwich Day, Potbelly hosts a â€Å"Belly Buster† sandwich eating contest at Potbelly stores. Prizes are awarded to winners and runners-up. Other event promotions raise money for local charities such as food banks, and community- based reading and music appreciatin programs. Then goes the last P which is Price. Potbelly sandwiches sell for $3. 79. Pricing is an integral part of the value Potbelly offers customers and can be summed up as, â€Å"Just good food at good prices. Considered separately, any one of Potbelly’s marketing strategy elements may not seem overly powerful as a competitive weapon, but combined and implemented with zeal, they are a significant competitive threat to national, regional, and local competitors. The idea behind Potbelly is simple: superior value, fun-filled atmosphere, warm, comfy decor, and quick friendly service.

Pokka Corp

February 1957 Established Nikka Lemon Co. , Ltd. for the production and distribution of lemon beverages. October 1963 Built Nagoya factory in Kitanagoya-city, Aichi Prefecture. April 1966 Changed corporate name to Pokka Lemon Co. , Ltd. May 1972 Commenced production and distribution of canned coffee, POKKA COFFEE. November 1973 Developed and promoted vending machines, separate machines for hot and cold drinks. January 1977 Established Pokka Corporation (Singapore) Ltd. September 1980 Commenced production of canned soup to enter soup business March 1982 Changed corporate name to Pokka Corporation. December 1984 Built central laboratory and Nagoya distribution center in Kitanagoya-city, Aichi prefecture. June 1985 Listed on Second Section of Nagoya Stock Exchange (NSE). July 1987 Listed on Second Section of Tokyo Stock Exchange (TSE) February 1988 Built Toyota factory, far-infrared roasting factory for coffee, in Nishinakayama-cho, Toyota-city, Aichi Prefecture. April 1988 Listed on First Sections of TSE and NSE. February 1991 Built Gunma factory and distribution center in Isesaki-city, Gunma Prefecture. September 1993 Pokka Corporation(Singapore)Ltd. established Pokka Ace(M)Sdn. Bhd. October 1994 Established Pokka Create Co. Ltd. to start managing coffee shops and restaurants February 1996 Succeeded in developing de-oxygenating method; released first canned coffee produced using the method. December 1996 Acquired Foremost Blue Seal Ltd. in Okinawa December 2005 Implemented MBO and de-listed from TSE and NSE,to achieve further growth of the company and increase its corporate va lue. January 2008 Formed a capital and business alliance with Meiji Seika Kaisha, Ltd. September 2009 Formed a capital and business alliance with Sapporo Holdings Ltd. ——————————————————————————–

To what extent can knowledge of tumour associated antigens be useful Essay

To what extent can knowledge of tumour associated antigens be useful in the management of cancer patients Illustrate your answe - Essay Example This research paper is focused on basic attempts of TAAs identification and the role they play for different types of tumors. TAAS vs Cancer The important role of tumor associated antigens (TAAs) can be explained in the following way: they are present in cancer cells and can cause a powerful antitumor immune response among patients with lung carcinoma or any other type of cancer. There are the following types of identified TAAs: MAGE and BAGE families, gp 100, SART-1, tyrosinase, MUC-1 and others (Akimov, 2004). They are used by immunotherapy for treating cancer. Nevertheless, there is no satisfactorily level of this kind of treatment (Danussi, Coslovi, Campa, Mucignat, Spessotto, Uggeri, Paoletti, Colombatti, 2009). Therefore, there is a need to focus more on identification of TAAs and available TAAs to target. There is an option to identify TAAS with the help of â€Å"serological analysis of recombinant c DNA expression libraries (SEREX), using tumor mRNA and autologous serum from a patients with NSCLC. SEREX analysis of a range of different human tumor types has identified a number of tumor antigens with diagnostic and therapeutic potential† (Akimov, 2004). Different approaches are being currently developed and it is of high importance for the modern researchers and scientists to identify relevance of TAAs in dealing with different types of cancer. ... MAGE-3 is the most broadly known CT antigen, which is the first and foremost target for cancer vaccines (Slovin, Ragupathi, Fernandez, Diani, Jefferson, Wilton, Kelly, Morris, Solit, Clausen, Livingston, Scher, 2007). On the basis of different researchers and laboratory experiments, the scientists are looking for a correlation between TAAs identification and assessment of patient’s cell’s response to TAA’s. Strategies for vaccine development have been correlated with identification and management of TAAs. Highly attractive targets for cancer vaccines are cancer testis (CT) antigens. These antigens are applicable for different forms of various human cancers. In accordance with current data, â€Å"MAGE antigens are expressed in about 40% of non-small-cell lung cancer (NSCLC) cases [8]. In summary, this analysis provided further insights in the immunogenicity of lung cancer with respect to antigen specific humoral and cellular immune responses† (Vonderheide, 2002). There is a clear tendency to find out universal antigens. The most serious preventive factor for a proper searching for TAAs is that different patients with different forms of cancer have not been treated by a so-called â€Å"universal† TAAs. Therefore, there is a need for universal tumor-associated antigens. Consequently, the modern scientists and researchers are focused on searching for a new type of TAAs dealing with different types of tumor. One of the most optimal methods is â€Å"epitope deduction†, which begins with a number of database analyses focused on appropriate gene products’ selection and further scanning of the deduced protein sequence for peptides, known as MHC binding motifs (Vonderheide, 2002). This method is independent from the existence of an innate anti-tumor T-cell

Discuss the view presented by Nasim and Sushil (2011) that managing Essay

Discuss the view presented by Nasim and Sushil (2011) that managing change invariably involves managing paradoxes and in partic - Essay Example This view of organisation change’s reality indicates a postmodernist oncology, where change remains fluid and elusive. As a result, to understand it demands acknowledging and accepting its dynamic, fluid nature. Managing changes requires managing paradoxes through a postmodernist ontology with postconstructivist epistemology because of the existence of diverse types of changes, resistance to changes, and narratives for attaining individual and organisational changes. The paradox of change lies in the postmodernist ontology with postconstructivist epistemology. Postmodernist thinking on the study of being views reality as a combination of different ways of seeing. The study of organisational changes has intersected various concepts from diverse fields, such as child development and evolutionary biology, and yet not many scholars have integrated them in a systematic manner (van de Ven and Poole, 1995: 510). Poggie (1965: 284) remarks on the paradox of knowing reality: â€Å"A w ay of seeing is a way of not seeing.† One epistemological view of reality is one way of not seeing reality through another perspective. van de Ven and Poole (1995: 511) urge for an interdisciplinary approach to seeing the reality of organisational change: â€Å"It is the interplay between different perspectives that helps one gain a more comprehensive understanding of organisational life, because any one theoretical perspective invariably offers only a partial account of a complex phenomenon.† They promote a postmodernist view of seeing and knowing the reality of organisational change because it enriches its understanding. Furthermore, the paradox-of-change approach uses postconstructivist epistemology using competing theories to explore and to illustrate it. van de Ven and Poole (1995) offer a typology of process theories that examine how and why change happens in social or biological units. These are life cycle, teleological, dialectical and evolutionary process theor ies. These four theories stand for essentially different event chains and generative components that they called â€Å"motors† to depict the processes and causes of changes (van de Ven and Poole, 1995: 511). van de Ven and Poole (1995) stress that organisational change do not neatly fit only one of these process theories because some conditions can stimulate interdependent changes across different organisational elements. They stress the complexity of changes: â€Å"Even though each of these types has its own internal logic, complexity and the potential for theoretical confusion arise from the interplay among different motors† (van de Ven and Poole, 1995: 534). The paradox of changes arises from the reality of spontaneous effects of changes, anticipated or otherwise. Sturdy and Grey (2003) criticise the one-sided view of organisational change management (OCM) discourses that emphasise stability over changes. They offer different views of changes using discourse analysi s. They conclude the need for using different lenses in understanding changes and in attaining effective changes. Hence, this essay finds it useful to see changes from a postmodernist view of organisational reality and knowledge. The paradox of change and continuity affects different kinds and stages of changes. Managing changes in different types of changes require balancing change and continuity. Nadler and Tushman (1989) examined diverse large-scale organisational changes and provided several insights and generalisations. They reviewed

Japans Expansionism in Asia Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2500 words

Japans Expansionism in Asia - Research Paper Example Poring over Japan’s adversarial history in the late 19th and first half of the 20th century it is easily discernible that the sole incentive for the nation’s aggressive expansionism policy was its unquenchable thirst for natural resources. Japan’s seemingly interminable drive to conquer Asian colonies was clearly spurred by its three nationalistic campaigns namely, modernization, industrialization and an imperialistic militarism, which required an infinite source of natural resources to succeed. Late in the 19th century, Japan which was undergoing rapid industrialization and modernization realized that it needed to simulate Western nations to achieve significant success in its developing mainland1. The nation required a blend of two key drivers of Western economies to surge its economic aspirations; technology and capitalism. However, for Japan with its limited natural resources, capitalism dictated colonialism in order to furnish its needs for raw materials2. The country was further influenced into an imperialistic stance by its relatively hostile neighborhood featuring Russia and China and its inherent vulnerability considering its location3. The nation thus had no choice but to adopt an antagonistic policy for its neighbors. This policy dictated that the nation had to establish a palpable military to establish itself as one of the powers in Asia if not the sole power. The Japanese military evolved at a rapid pace just like its industries and added its materials’ demands to the already choked Japanese natural resource needs.

How Roman Empire lived on , even though it died 476ad Essay

How Roman Empire lived on , even though it died 476ad - Essay Example pire, deposed the Emperor Romulus, who lived in Italy’s Ravenna in a bloodless coup in 476ad; but Emperor Zeno continued to live and rule in Constantinople, whose authority was acknowledged by Odoacer himself. Roman power continued in the East, under rulers of Constantinople and a ‘fall’ was not particularly noticed. East Roman Emperors considered themselves as the real Roman Emperors, right heirs to Augustus. Byzantine was part of Roman history and 476ad was more of a Western point of view it was the continuation of Roman empire and the fall of Western empire was simply ignored and the division of the two was not particularly glorified because there was no such formal division and they remain. Even the promulgated rules applied to the entire territory, because in spite of two empires, the empire remained one for a very long time. Hence, there was a change in the region and the empire no doubt lost some of its glitz; but there was no fall. The Byzantine flourished diplomatically with many countries. It became the centre of literature, culture, religion and architecture. Roman Catholic Church continued to exist and it represented the lost empire with very little change while Byzantine survived for another thousand years. In a way it was a glorious period under Justinian like rulers. Religion was becoming more and more prominent; but the emperors retained their authority fully. In latter fifth century, the emperor estranged himself from Roman Pope by declaring himself Monophysite, which was discarded by Justin, an action that gained Pope’s support. Byzantine Christianity was slightly different from the Latin Christianity and culture. They thought ecclesiastical and theological authority vested in the Emperor and not with Pope and his minions. But adoption of strict traditional ways made it an absolutely static religion. The Empire pursued classical and intellectual traditions of education, philosophy, composition , literature, history. Women were well

The Quest for Power or Control Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

The Quest for Power or Control - Essay Example Conforming to the observations by these authors we are now in the formative period where there is great respect for the worker as an important stakeholder and is greatly empowered. This has motivated the worker to greater outputs and closer ties with his organization. The culture of the company has become the cornerstone of judging the governance level of the company. Performance of the company is now tied with the performance of its workers. This human capital is now considered as the prime source of competitiveness. A new wave of bonhomie has pervaded the corporate world and with the onset of globalization and multi-cultural workforce, companies are vying with each other to ensure that this normative pattern is not only maintained but enhanced. The technology was always the driver of change. New Internet-based technologies not only produced the knowledge worker but also introduced the concept of virtual offices and remote workers. Control got diluted and the operational normative pattern has been disrupted. Rationalism too has no role in the current environment as the worker is no longer bound by geography. Today output has become the sole criteria for judging performance. All other system factors like discipline, culture, work rules, and others have become worthless. Both rational and normative theories have to be replaced by a new paradigm that has emerged out of them. A new culture is being evolved with the interactive web which is a common platform being used by all stakeholders and there is free interaction between all of them, including the final consumer. The new order comprises of flexibility, adaptability, and responsiveness; the result is action-oriented produced by high-skilled workers.

The Role of Scenario Planning in Exploring the Environment Essay

The Role of Scenario Planning in Exploring the Environment - Essay Example Increasing pressure on the resource, and factors to its production, however, identifies concerns over trends in its future market. These lead to the question, ‘how will the crude oil industry affect our country’s economy and households’ livelihoods in the year 2020?’ Trends in the crude oil industry identify many uncertainties, both short term and long term. Seasonal weather conditions that affect energy consumption levels in traveling and heating determines variable demand levels and prices of crude oil. Adverse weather phenomena such as hurricanes also hamper production process to influence supply, and subsequently price of crude oil. Other factors that influence trends in the industry include resolutions by OPEC, production cost, and technological developments for the industry’s applications. Increasing demand for oil by emerging Asian economies such as China and India is another driver to the industry’s trend (Nrcan 2010). Similarly, increasing global demand for oil indicates future demand concerns (Opec 2012). The industry’s critical uncertainties are demand and adverse weather conditions. Demand has a high potential level because it dictates the industry’s quantity of production and influences prices at given supply capacities. It is however uncertain because of possible changes such as the emergence of expanding economies and development of alternative sources of energy. Adverse weather conditions also dictate the ability to mine crude oil and are highly unpredictable, being natural conditions (Nrcan 2010; Opec 2012). Demand for crude oil identifies two extremes, high demand relative to supply and low demand relative to supply while weather conditions identify existence of adverse weather conditions and favorable weather. The two factors generate four scenarios as shown below (Burt 2006). A favorable condition will occur under high demand for crude oil and simultaneous favorable weather conditions. This would mean an active economy that utilizes energy for production activities and household needs. Availability of oil due to good weather would also mean sufficient supply and consequently favorable prices.  

Systems of New Knowledge Production and Management of Innovative Research Paper

Systems of New Knowledge Production and Management of Innovative Development - Research Paper Example The term "lifelong learning" reflects hopes, which society assigns to education, and also opportunities, which should be necessary given to every single person for the development of his/her potential. Notwithstanding the long evolution of the concept of â€Å"lifelong learning†, there is no one general definition of this term. This notion can be defined as the realization of purposeful actions on learning, both formal and informal, undertaken continually with the aim to improve own knowledge, skills, and competencies. According to Edwards, Miller, Small, & Tait (2002), the life-learning concepts advocated today have grown out of the â€Å"lifelong education’, ‘permanent education’, and ‘recurrent education’ plans proposed in key documents several decades ago, many of the principles espoused still apply today, even though the contexts and the concepts themselves have changed in certain ways (see e.g. Tuijnman, 1994; Hasan, 1996). Nowadays huma nkind has become a witness and a direct participant of great changes. The development of communication networks, digital technologies and genetics, trade and culture connections, and general globalisation of civilization give everyone a variety of possibilities on the way of self-improvement. People get more and more freedom in choosing their behaviour and the way of life in general, however, everyone should understand that such freedom involves certain responsibilities. In such circumstances, the distance between those, who do first-rate on the labour market, and those, who have hopelessly fallen, behind become more and more obvious.

Retail Bank's Marketing Case Study Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

Retail Bank's Marketing - Case Study Example Pricing is a very integral part of marketing. Decisions about price are those which determine profitability (Stephenson, 2005). It is also one of the factors which determine whether the customer will actually acquire the product or service. Customers base their purchase judgments based on price (Stephenson, 2005). Pricing of the financial products is one of the most crucial decisions. Some of the most common pricing strategies used by the marketers include both cost-based strategies and non- cost based strategies (Winston, 1986). Ethics are moral principles and values that govern the actions and decisions of an individual or group. These serve as guidelines as to what is the fair and right thing to do. Customers have the right to be informed, and it is the marketers' responsibility to ensure they are providing customers accurate and complete information about their products and services, i.e. they should disclose complete costs associated with financial services, but this is not always practiced(Kerin, Hartley & Rudelius, 2003). Social responsibility is an important part of the marketing concept of any organization in any given industry. This is especially important for financial institutions since they serve the public. They need to not only focus on profits but also on the society as a whole. At times it is possible for a company to satisfy its customers yet fail to meet social responsibility. Despite the fact that banks and other financial institutions play a active role in the society, they still manage to conduct practices that abuse the environment discriminate in hiring employees, manufacturing unsafe products or engaging in misleading advertising or labeling. At times these organizations are still focuses on meeting their goals rather than meeting customer needs (Pezzullo, 1998). In the article 'Interest rate clustering in the UK financial services market' (2008), Ashton and Hudson explain through empirical evidence the price and interest rate clustering practices used by retail banks. In their study they explain how financial services marketers capitalize on the difficulties customers face in recalling and processing price information. They do this to maximize their revenue from deposits made by customers. Ashton and Hudson (2008) explain that price and interest rate clustering occur as a result of an individual's limited number recall.

Btec Sport - Health Saftey and Injury Essay Example for Free

Btec Sport Health Saftey and Injury Essay Objective:- * To recognise and understand different types of injuries Types of injuries:- * Muscle strains tears, pulls and ruptures These are caused by vigorous stretching of a muscle or tendon. In is of regular occurrence in the hamstring and calf muscles when there is failure to warm up correctly before sport. The Achilles tendon of the calf can tear completely this causes sever pain. Tear is where the muscle has been torn, Pull is where the muscle has been stretched and a Rupture is where the muscle completely breaks. We will know when we have pulled torn or strained because there will severe pain and there will be difficulty when trying to use the muscle. There may also be swelling and later on bruising. * Fractured Bones (broken) A fracture is wear the bone cracks or completely snaps. Breaking bones is painful due to the amount of blood vessels and nerves in the bones. Fractures can be categorized in two ways. A Simple Fracture This is just where the bone cracks. A Compound Fracture This is where the bone sticks out of the skin. There is often tenderness around the bone making it hard to use and it will most certainly swell causing it to look deformed. * Joint dislocation Dislocation is where the bone is pulled out of its original joint. It is caused by stressing the bone, commonly by violent twisting. It usually happens at all major joints such as Shoulder, finger, thumb, elbow and ankles. The bone will be surrounded by swelling and covered in bruises and will be tender to touch. * Sprained Ligaments (over stretched ligaments) A sprain happens when a ligament or joint get overstretched and torn. Sprains occur when twisting your foot while running or other similar accidents. The sprain should be treated as a fracture if the ligament is torn because it is a lot more severe. The area of damage while be very sore and will hurt to move it or use it * Tendonitis Tendonitis is caused by overuse of the tendons, frequently in the lower arm in the lower arm; they then become inflamed and sore/painful. This is common with sports such as tennis and golf where the tendon in the elbow is under constant use. The elbow will be very sore and it becomes almost impossible to use without difficulty. Swelling will be visible surrounding the injured tendon. * Concussion Concussion is the result of injuring your brain from taking a lot of impact to the head such as being head butted or banging your head on a hard surface, these cause the brain to rattle around the skull. Concussion is often related with unconsciousness which often follows a serious head injury. In most cases the patient will become dizzy or drowsy and become confused. In major cases there may even be memory loss. * Graze, Cuts, Burns and Bruises These are caused by falling or scraping in a sporting event. They are usually painful but not very threatening and classed as minor. However some cuts can be very deep and would require urgent attention. Bruises will be painful but will not cause any permanent or long term damage. We will be able to recognise bruises by seeing discolouration of the skin and tenderness in that area. * Spinal Injury This is an injury to the spinal column. The spinal column contains nerves and ligaments and plays a major role in our body so when damaged by impact or strain it can be potentially dangerous to move without causing further permanent damage such as paralysis. This occurs after incidents such as car crashes and falls. You will be able to tell if u have damaged your spinal cord because it will be difficult to move and will cause a lot of pain. Objective:- * To recognise illnesses/conditions that can affect sports performance * To discover the causes of injury Types of Illnesses:- * Viral Infections/Diseases Chest Infections, Colds, Flu, Sickness etc. People suffering from viral infections will often have a high temperature, be suffering from pains in the muscles making them feel weak. If someone has a viral infection such as a cold they will probably suffer with a blocked nose, fever, sore throat and frequent coughing. Viral infections cannot be cured using antibiotics, however there are products available to help relive the symptoms. * Asthma This makes a persons airways constrict making breathing difficult. Constriction is normally triggered by certain events such as allergies and temperature change. People having and asthma attack will suffer with symptoms such as a tight chest, also they may start wheezing and be short of breath. This can be relived temporarily by using steroid sprays, one to open the airways when they feel they need it and one that should be taken daily to avoid having attacks later in the day. * Hypothermia This is where the bodys temperature drops below the normal temperature (around 36 degrees Celsius). The symptoms are usually tiredness, slurred speech and loss of coordination. In some extremities the colour and feeling can be lost in the hands and feet as the blood is being diverted away to keep the brain and heart working properly. People will generally feel better when they return to a warm environment as this will encourage the body to return to normal. Hypothermia is common with people such as mountain climber who are often exposed to cold environments for long periods of time. * Hyperthermia This is caused by exposure to high temperatures, such as being in the sun/high temperatures for long periods of time. The results of hyperthermia are that the person will be left exhausted. Headaches, tiredness and thirst are also associated. To relive these symptoms the person should drink lots of fluids, while exercising and when recovering. If the person becomes to hot they could potentially become unconscious then they would require the need of being put on a drip. * Hypoglycaemia Hypoglycaemia is caused by having low levels of glucose in the blood so enough isnt reaching the vita places e.g. the brain. It is commonly associated with people who have type 1 diabetes. Not enough food, too much exercise, consuming too much alcohol and having too much insulin in the blood all contribute to causing hypoglycaemia. The symptoms of hypoglycaemia are confusion, shaking, paleness, hunger and in some extreme cases, unconsciousness. Eating food rich in carbohydrates can reverse these effects quite quickly The Main Causes of Injury Internally Caused * Overuse Injuries * Sudden Injuries Externally Caused * Impact Injuries * Foul Play Injuries * Equipment Injuries * Accidental Injuries Internally Caused Injuries Direct result of the performer, no other person or factor is involved Overuse Injuries (Tennis/Golfers Elbow, Shin Splints etc.) These are caused by over training and over competing. Sudden Injuries These tend to be caused instantly because of over stretching, twisting and turning. They are commonly acknowledged with tiredness and fatigue and normally occur late on in a match. Also doing something too difficult can result in a sudden injury. Externally Caused Injuries Caused by someone or something other than yourself Impact Injury This is and injury from being hit or hitting something. These are often the result of things like:- * An Opponent * Equipment * Playing Surface * Playing Conditions Foul Play Injuries These are normally the result of another player breaking the rules and regulations of the game. They may be unaware of the rules or may be doing it intentionally to harm. Accidental Injuries Different activities have different levels and risk and higher elements of danger. For example Footballers are less likely to gain an injury than someone playing rugby due to it being more physical. Equipment Injuries Old or unchecked/faulty equipment can result in these injuries. Equipment must be frequently maintained to avoid these occurring. These can be as simple as blisters from overuse or in the most extreme cases, even death. Prevention of Injuries * Warm up; loosen muscles for prevention of pulling muscles. * Wear the correct equipment (shin pads), wear them correctly to ensure safeness. * Know and follow the rules of the game to be able to play fair, include using officials to keep the activity under control, this way players are less likely to get injured * Check all equipment is safe and in good condition to ensure faulty equipment cant injure you. * Dont over compete (not doing too much exorcise) * Weather conditions- make sure the conditions are safe (not slippery, stormy etc.) 1. Preparation Before playing or participating in any sport it is vital that you train to your age and you personal fitness. Also a good knowledge and understanding of the sport you will be participating in will also reduce the amount of injuries, a good respect for the rules and regulations of the game will reduce the injuries. A warm up and warm down is essential to help reduce the amount of injuries in the game. Consider having long hair, long nails, jewellery and also the types of clothing you wear could also give you an injury. 2. Participation By according to the rules could prevent an injury, by using reckless tackles and reckless play can injure you and the opposing player. Officials have got to be consistent and fair in their decisions for the game to be fair and this could prevent someone from being injured, players must accept these decisions given by the officials. 3. Equipment For the sport which you are participating in you need to be using the specialist equipment for that specific sport and has to be in good condition, such as shin pads for football, these have to be worn. All equipment has to be in top condition because if this equipment isnt safe and fails you could be seriously injured such as rock climbing etc. 4. Environment The area which the sport is being taken on has to be checked over for litter and unsafe objects. It has to be safe and appropriate. Also you have to check the weather conditions as this could lead the sport being potentially dangerous such as storms and windy weather. Risk Assessment 1. You are about to conduct a badminton coaching session in the sports all. * Make sure that none of the equipment is faulty. E.g. rackets have sufficient grip, nets secured correctly. * Make sure that there is no wet floor * Make sure there is no obstructions in the way of the courts 2. You are taking a year 7 group onto the field for football. * Make sure that everyone is wearing the correct protective equipment. (e.g. shin pads) * Make sure that there are no obstacles on the pitch or area where football will be played * Make sure the weather conditions are suitable for playing * Make sure that the pitch is suitable to play on by making sure its not icy or waterlogged Potential risk of playing- 1. Badminton * Fire * Falls * Foul play * Asthma attack * Hyperthermia * Slips * Lack of communication that could result in injury * Sensible behaviour * Know how to set up safe equipment 2. Football * Falls * Foul play * Asthma attack * Hyperthermia * Spinal Injury * Broken bones * Concussion * Weather conditions * Lack of communication that could result in injury * Sensible behaviour * Potholes * All spare equipment is out of the way * Posts are secured

Application Of Integrated Coastal Zone Management Principles Environmental Sciences Essay

Application Of Integrated Coastal Zone Management Principles Environmental Sciences Essay In most West African sub-region countries, Integrated Coastal Zone Management (ICZM) is a fairly new idea and has therefore not been approached and adopted as a management practice. Thus, the management of the coastal zones is seen to be a diffused activity being undertaken by many institutions with interests and stakes in the coastal zone. Nigeria being a country with coastline of approximately 853km facing the Atlantic Ocean, its coastline lies between latitude 4Â ° 10 to 6Â ° 20N and longitude 2Â ° 45 to 8Â ° 35 E (Badejo and Nwilo n.d). The coastal area is low lying with heights of not more than 3.0m above sea level (Dublin-Green et al. 1999). According to (Ibe 1998), the Nigerian coast is composed of four distinct geomorphological units namely the Barrier-Lagoon complex; the Mud coast; the Arcuate Niger delta; and the Strand coast. Nigeria has one of the largest coastal zones in West Africa; with soaring socio-economic, cultural, physical, and environmental importance. Thus, its coastal zones have undergone sequence of advanced environmental development programs through the Federal Ministry of Environment and its environmental stakeholders in the quest of incorporating conservation and sustainable use of its rich cultural and environmental importance. However, environmental programs introduced are seen to have been unproductive owing to the fact that it was not properly approached due to politics of significant players in the Nigerian coastal zone management. Hence, for Nigeria to achieve the aims of incorporating conservation and sustainable development of its coastal zones, the administrative and stakeholders on environmental management needs to implement an Integrated Coastal Zone Management (ICZM) in order to achieve its this sustainable growth. 1.2. AIM OF RESEARCH To assess the need and feasibility of applying Integrated Coastal Zone Management (ICZM) principles in the management of Nigerian coastal waters with a case study on Lagos State coastline. 1.3. OBJECTIVES OF RESEARCH In the context of this research, the following objectives shall be considered: Literature review of ICZM and its principles; The key coastal issues facing Nigeria coastal zone; Assessing the current management of Lagos State coastline against the principles of ICZM; Evaluate barriers to the implementation of ICZM on Lagos State coastline; Evaluate the potential benefits of an ICZM approach. 1.4. BACKGROUND REPORT OUTLINE The Nigerian coastal zone sprawls a total of nine (9) states, out of the thirty-six (36) states of the federation, namely: Akwa-Ibom State, Bayelsa State, Cross River State, Delta State, Edo State, Lagos State, Ogun State, Ondo State and Rivers State. These coastal states are estimated to account for 25% of the national population. Nigerian coastal zones stretch inland for a distance of about 15km in Lagos in the West to about 150km in the Niger Delta and about 25km east of the Niger Delta (anon. n.d). FIG.1 MAP OF NIGERIA COASTAL AREAS Fig. 1 above is the map showing the Nigeria coastal areas (Nwilo and Badejo n.d.) Nigeria with about 853 km stretch of coastline has been characterized with differing erosive activities; a result of combination of natural and anthropogenic forces. Consequently, the importance of the Nigerian coastal and marine environment as the main socio-economic nerve centre of the country; where over 70% of the national income is generated, and there is need for an understanding of the physical changes taking place which would have profound socio-economic implications on the area and the entire nation (Okude and Ademiluyi 2006). The main key environmental management and development problems on the Nigeria coastal zones that needs addressing; in particular as degradation of the coastal environment in many of its coastlines decline in the quality of life of its local populations are stated below; Coastal and marine resource degradation; overexploitation of fisheries, coastal drifts-(erosion and flooding), clearing of mangrove forest, physical modification and destruction of habitats, Coastal and marine pollution; oil spillage, dumping of heavy metals, explosives, sewage and garbage, climate change and sea level rise For some years, coastal and marine resource degradation has been a major problem on the Nigerian coastal zones. (Okude and Ademiluyi 2006), evidences from studies and experiments have shown that the rate of shoreline retreat in some section of the Nigerian coast is so rapid as to be alarming. Generally, coastal erosion and accretion occur concurrently worldwide, even though erosion would appear to have a greater magnitude (Oyegun 1988). More so, (Okude and Ademiluyi 2006) the inadequacy of information about the Nigerian coastal areas would explain for the inadequacy in the management of the coastal erosion problems. In addition, lack of sustainable development policies with inadequate resources to implement coastal zone management by Ministry regulating Nigerian coastal environmental have contributed to the degradation. Apart from the natural environmental problems, such as flat topography of the region, high intensity and long duration of rainfall, high water table and low soil permeability, etc., man-made environmental problems are caused by unplanned and uncoordinated development; poor highway and watercourse design and construction, inadequate waste disposal infrastructure and lack of adequate and proper maintenance programme, and so on (Santos 1999). Being one of the largest oil and gas suppliers in West Africa, Nigerian economy is dependent on the oil and gas sector, thus, incurs a high risk of disastrous oil spills on the coastal zone owing to increasing oil tanker operations which are being carried out without utmost compliance with MARPOL 73/78, an IMO convention which regulates and prevents marine pollution. 2.0. LITERATURE REVIEW Coastal zone are unique. Such as daily tides, mangrove forests, coral reefs, tidal flats, sea beaches, storm waves, and barrier islands are found only on the coast (Clark 1996). Furthermore, due to the uniqueness of coastal zone in many coastal countries, the region has been recognised as a distinctive region which requires unique attention. Nevertheless, (Post and Lundin 1996), the increasing population on the coastal zone has caused conflicts between challenging uses in its resources and thereby calls for the need to ascertain long-term supply of these resources, on both land and the sea. However, the (European Commission 1999) asserts that coastal zones will continue to be areas of rich potential for our modern society as its productivity such as tidal inlets, salt marshes, and estuaries has an important role to play in food production- through maintenance of fisheries and aquaculture- and in safeguarding nature and biodiversity. In no doubt, (Clark 1996) the coastal zones is seen to have undergone adverse environmental adaption and weakening through developed human activities such as; dredging, fishing, sand filling, and pollution. According to (Sorenson and McCreary 1990), coastal zone is defined as the interface or transition zone, specifically that part of the land affected by its proximity to the sea and that part of the ocean affected by its proximity to the land. an area which processes depending on the interaction between land and sea are most intense. (Doody 2001), to the marine biologist; coastal zone includes the sea and all those areas which are periodically covered by the tide. While to the coastal ecologist, the zone extends landward to the limits of tidal movement or the influence of salt spray on soils and vegetation. Meanwhile, the quality of coastal waters is a major cause for concern. The two most spectacular phenomena in recent years, oil slicks and algal blooms, are illustrations of the fact that coastal communities frequently suffer the consequences of events or developments occurring inland or offshore and therefore beyond their control (CEC 2000). Therefore, it is imperative to conserve c oastal zones in order to accomplish a sustainable growth. There must be a demonstration of Integrated Coastal Zone Management (ICZM) to achieve sustainable growth of coastal zones. According to (CEC 2000) from 1996 to 1999, the Directorates General for Environment, Fisheries and Regional Policy in Europe operated a Demonstration Programme on ICZM which is designed to: Provide concrete technical information about the factors and mechanisms, which either encourage or discourage sustainable management of coastal zones. Stimulate a broad debate and exchange of information among the various actors involved in the planning, management or use of European coastal zones. This debate was intended to lead to a consensus regarding the appropriate measures necessary at the European and other levels of competence in order to stimulate ICZM in Europe. The demonstration programme has yielded a wealth of technical information about ICZM mechanisms and solutions to specific problems faced in the coastal zone (EC 1999 p.5). Furthermore, the demonstration projects have confirmed that there are serious inconsistencies between sectoral and territorial policies, programmes and plans whose impacts are felt on the coast. This fact is responsible for the failing of an application of an integrated approach to coastal planning and management (EC 1999). 2.1. THE THEORY AND PRINCIPLE OF ICZM Due to inefficiency of varieties of environmental resource management and development control programs adopted, many countries are now embarking on special integrated coastal zone management (ICZM) which strategizes compatible development and resource conservation management that are for the good of the nation as a whole (Clark 1996). (Shi et al. 2001) ICZM represents a dynamic and continuous process which administers the use, development, and protection of the coastal zones and its resources towards common objectives of national and local authorities and the aspiration of different resource user group. (Bower and Turner 1996) states; ICZM consists of a set of tasks, typically carried out by several or many public and private entities. On the other hand, (Morksness et al. 2009) ICZM can be defined as a decision-making and management process with which to achieve the sustainable use, development and protection of coastal and marine areas as well as of their resources. Thus, ICZM stands for an enviro-economic regulatory system for numerous competing interests (Eremina and Stetsko). Nevertheless, from the lessons of the European Demonstration Programme on ICZM (European Commission 1999), there are several dimensions to the word integration in coastal management: The horizontal integration of policies, management arrangements and development plans amongst different sectors, services and agencies at a given level of government (national, provincial, district and more local) as well as amongst interest groups with common interests in coastal areas and resources; The vertical integration of policies, management arrangements and development plans from national through to local levels of government, including community based approaches to coastal management; Geographical or territorial integration: which takes into account the interrelationships and interdependencies (physical, chemical, biological, ecology) between the terrestrial, estuarine littoral and offshore components of the coastal zone; Integration over time: the consistent integration of sustainable development objectives policies, plans and management strategies in the course of time. The process of ICZM starts with the awareness of issues of common concern, which facilitates a dialogue and exchange of views among interested and affected parties, and this is the basis for coordination of action, which in time fosters integration of management (EC 1999 p.15). With reference to the (European Council, 2002) integrated coastal zone management (ICZM) shall be based on series of principles as stated below: A broad overall perspective (thematic and geographic) which will take into account the interdependence and disparity of natural systems and human activities with an impact on coastal areas; A long-term perspective which will take into account the precautionary principle and the needs of present and future generations; Adaptive management during a gradual process which will facilitate adjustment as problems and knowledge develop. This implies the need for a sound scientific basis concerning the evolution of the coastal zone; Considering local specificity and the great diversity of European coastal zones, which will make it possible to respond to their practical needs with specific solutions and flexible measures; Working with natural processes and respecting the carrying capacity of ecosystems, which will make human activities more environmentally friendly, socially responsible and economically sound in the long run; Involving all the parties concerned(economic and social partners, the organisations representing coastal zone residents, non-governmental organisations and the business sector) in the management process, for example by means of agreements and based on shared responsibility; Support and involvement of relevant administrative bodies at national, regional and local level between which appropriate links should be established or maintained with the aim of improved coordination of the various existing policies. Partnership with and between regional and local authorities should apply when appropriate; Using combination of instruments designed to facilitate coherence between sectoral policy objectives and coherence between planning and management. Clear evidence of research but needs greater emphasis on assessing the quality of the published literature. 3.0 METHODOLOGY As the aim of this research is an assessment of the application of ICZM principles in the management of Nigerian coastal waters, case study: Lagos State coastline. The following listed methodology shall be applied to achieve the aims and objectives of the research; Data Collection; researching data comes in a wide variety of shapes and forms (i.e. primary versus secondary data). (Lancaster 2005) on one hand, a primary data will often be collected through techniques such as experimentation, asking questions, interviewing (one-on-one/telephone), observation and surveys. On the other hand, a secondary data is information which already exists in some form or other but which was not primarily collected, at least initially for the purpose of the consultancy exercise at hand. In most cases, a secondary will be the start point of this research as it consists of both external and internal data sources which encompassing internal company information such as databases, reports, government surveys, competitor information and increasingly, internet and web-based sources of information (Lancaster 2005). Qualitative Research Strategy; this type of research strategy shall be used for this research due to the fact that it can investigate how and why particular events and actions happen and how people feel about such activities. With reference to (Bryman, 2004 p.19-20). A qualitative research emphasizes words rather than quantification in the collection and analysis of data. Therefore, gathering a qualitative data for this research is imperative as the aim of the research is the understanding of believe and experience. Evaluation Research Strategy; this type of strategy will be used to discover whether the programme of ICZM intend to bring certain changes to coastal management of Lagos State coastline. (Thomas 2004) such studies are closely tied to concerns with accountability and are used to discover whether programmes and expenditures intended to bring about certain changes or to reach specified policy objectives have in fact achieved their goals. Study Design; this would be achieved through the use and study of relevant textbooks, online journals and articles to gather secondary data. Using the internet (e-mail) for primary research; the attraction of using a web-based survey are that it can potentially reach an enormous number of respondents anywhere in the world, the costs and time involved in distribution and collection of questionnaires are minimized, and analysis of data that are already in electronic format is made easy (Walliman 2005). Action Research; this is intended to improve understanding of and prospects for change in organisations by involving organisational members in collaborative relationships with specialist researchers who jointly design and carry out research studies (Thomas 2004). Collection of relevant document papers primarily from organisations, institution and authorities facilitate research. Sampling Design; this shall be based on costs, quality, time, and feasibility of the research studies. Ethical Research; throughout this study research, a good ethical research culture shall be maintained and abide by. (Greenfield 1996) ethics in its widest sense, as the principles of good human behaviour, is one of the issues for which philosophers have striven to provide guidance. Methodology for each objective should be based on the Research Onion (see page 132 of Saunders et.al), working from the outside inwards. It is essential to include justification for the chosen approach/method 4.0. LIMITATIONS OF STUDY Likely limitations towards the quality of this research study are listed below; Duration of research study; the time allocated to conduct this research is too short to conduct an assessment of the management of Lagos State coastline against the principle of ICZM, Online restrictions; some significant organisations while trying to access recent and quality online journal and articles on ICZM, restricts access and request payment by debit/credit card. Poor information database; unavailability of quality information database through the Nigerian Ministry of environment will be a barrier to this research due to lack of quality IT infrastructure, Finance; costs of communication/travelling to Nigeria to conduct a feasibility study on the management of Lagos State coastline will be a barrier due to Access inability; securing permission to some agencies/organisations while trying to carry out the study research will be a barrier owing to protocols. 5.0. CONCLUSION Although, the implementation of the practice of ICZM in Nigeria coastal zone has long been discussed by stakeholders in the Nigerian Ministry of Environment and it has been seen to a very difficult task and proved abortive. In view of some problems faced on how to balance the economic growth and conservation of coastal environment for sustainable development on the Lagos State coastline, the author of this research shall study critically and extensively on the application of ICZM and its principles and after that compare against the Lagos State coastal zone management practices, and in the end propose to the States Minister for Environments some viable ways of applying effectively the implementation of ICZM principles in order to achieve an integrated Lagos State coastline management and Nigerian coastal zones at large. 5.1. SCHEDULED IMPLEMENTATION Tasks Duration Start date Finish date Project topic selection 5days 26.04.2010 30.04.2010 Developing aims, objectives, and hypothesis 1day 30.04.2010 30.04.2010 Literature review 3days 30.04.2010 04.05.2010 Designing methodology 7days 30.04.2010 06.05.2010 Planning research programme 6days 01.05.2010 06.05.2010 Submitting project proposal 1day 07.05.2010 07.05.2010 Familiarising with research database 21days 09.05.2010 29.05.2010 Receive proposal feedback 5days 31.05.2010 01.06.2010 Reviewing proposal feedback 7days 31.05.2010 06.06.2010 Collecting research data 20days 12.06.2010 31.07.2010 Evaluating research information 32days 01.07.2010 03.08.2010 Drawing project conclusion 8days 09.08.201 16.08.2010 Publish project findings 9days 09.08.2010 17.08.2010 Findings appraisal 6days 10.08.2010 15.08.2010 Complete Project 16days 15.08.2010 31.08.2010 Submit project research 5days 30.08.2010 03.09.2010 REFERENCE LISTS ANON., n.d DRAFT EXECUTIVE SUMMARY: [online] Available: http://www.unep.org/AbidjanConvention/docs/THE%20STATUS%20OF%20THE%20NIGERIAN%20COASTAL%20ZONES%20version%202.pdf [accessed 05 May 2010] BADEJO, O.T., and NWILO, P.C., n.d. Impacts and Management of Oil Pollution along the Nigerian Coastal Areas. [online] Available: http://www.fig.net/pub/figpub/pub36/chapters/chapter_8.pdf [accessed 05 May 2010] BOWER, B.T., and TURNER, R.K., 1996. Characterising and Analysing Benefits from Integrated Coastal Zone Management (ICZM). [online] Available: CSERGE Working Paper GEC 97-12 http://www.uea.ac.uk/env/cserge/pub/wp/gec/gec_1997_12.pdf [accessed 06 May 2010] BRYMAN, A., 2004. Social Research Methods. 2nd ed. Oxford: University Press COMMISSION OF EUROPEAN COMMUNITIES, 2000. Communication from the commission to the Council and the European Parliament on Integrated Coastal Zone Management: Strategy for Europe [online]. Available: http://ec.europa.eu/environment/iczm/overview.htm [accessed 06 May 2010] CLARK, J.R., 1996. Coastal Zone Management Handbook. New York: CRC Press DODDY, J.P., 2001. Coastal Conservation and Management: An Ecological Perspective. London: Kluwer DUBLIN-GREEN et al. 1999. Climate Variability Research Activities in Nigeria. Lagos: Nigerian Institute for Oceanography and Marine Research, Victoria Island, Lagos, Nigeria. EUROPEAN COMMISSION, 1999. Towards a European Integrated Coastal Zone Management (ICZM), General Principles and Policy Options. Italy: European Communities EUROPEAN COUNCIL, 2002. Recommendation of the European Parliament and of the Council of 30 May 2002 concerning the implementation of Integrated Coastal Zone Management in Europe. Official journal of the European Communities. L148/25 p.2 Available: http://eur-lex.europa.eu/LexUriServ/LexUriServ.do?uri=OJ:L:2002:148:0024:0027:EN:PDF [accessed 05 May 2010] GREENFIELD, T., 1996. Research Methods, Guidance for Postgraduates. London: Arnold IBE, A.C., 1988. Coastline Erosion in Nigeria. Ibadan: University Press LANCASTER, G., 2005. Research Methods in Management, a concise introduction to research in management and business consultancy. Oxford: Elsevier MORKSNESS E., et al. 2009. Integrated Coastal Zone Management. Chichester: Blackwell OKUDE, A.S., and ADEMILUYI, I.A., 2006. Coastal Erosion Phenomenon in Nigeria: Causes, Control and Implications. [online], 1(1) pp.44-51. Available: http://idosi.org/wasj/wasj1%281%29/10.pdf [accessed 05 May 2010] OYEGUN, C.U., 1988 Process-Form Relationships Along Forcados Beach in Southern Nigeria Department of Geography. Ibadan: University of Ibadan POST, J.C., and LUNDIN, C.G., 1996. Guidelines for Integrated Coastal Zone Management. Environmentally Sustainable Development Studies and Monographs Series No.9 [online] p.1 Available: http://www.nacoma.org.na/Downloading/WBGuidelines_ICZM.pdf [accessed 04 May 2010] SANTOS, P.O., 1999. Director of Drainage, Lagos State Ministry of Environment and Physical Planning, Environmental consequences of uncontrolled development in Lagos State. IOC-SOA International Workshop on Coastal Megacities, Hangzhou, China, 27-30 September 1999 SORENSEN, J.C., and McCREARY, 1990. Institutional Arrangements for Managing Coastal Resources and Environments, Washington, D.C.: Coastal Management Publication SHI, C., et al. 2001. Towards a sustainable coast: an integrated coastal zone management framework for Shanghai, Peoples Republic of China. Ocean Coastal Management [online] 44(5-6) pp.411-427. Available: Elsevier/ARTICLES [accessed 06 May 2010] THOMAS A.B., 2004. Research skills for Management Studies. London: Routledge WALLIMAN, N., 2005. Your Research Project. 2nd ed. London: Sage WELLENS-MENSAH, J., 2000. UNESCO. IOC Workshop Reports series No. 165. Pan-African Conference on Sustainable Integrated Coastal Management; Proceedings of the Workshops: An integrated approach, (PACSICOM), Maputo, Mozambique, 18-25 July 1998. [online] p.7. Available: http://ioc.unesco.org/iocweb/iocpub/iocpdf/w165e.pdf [accessed 04 May 2010]

The Micmac V.s. The Iroquois :: essays research papers

The Micmac V.S. The Iroquois   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Although the Micmac and the Iroquois Confederacy are both Aboriginal groups, they have many differences as well as similarities. One area of such, is their traditional justice systems. Their governments and laws are in some ways similar, but in many ways different.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  The Micmac reside in what is now Nova Scotia, eastern New Brunswick, Prince Edward Island, and southern Gaspe. The territory was subdivided in to seven districts. Each of these districts contained family groupings in small settlements based on hunting and fishing. Those from P.E.I. held more territory in common than any other Micmac district. Their land was allotted by family.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  The Iroquois were a agricultural people. They lived in permanent villages in a domain now called southern Ontario, southern Quebec, and northeastern United States. Indian Nations living here formed a formal and lasting confederacy by 1450. Their members were called ‘Ho-De-No-Sau-Nee'. The league was called ‘Kanonsionni', meaning EXTENDED HOUSE. The first five nations to join the confederacy were Mohawk, Oneida, Onondaga, Cayuga, and Seneca. Tuscaroras migrated from Carolina and joined the confederacy in 1722. The Iroquois are bound in a treaty of friendship with the Ojibway to the North.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  The Micmac government was three-tiered, with local, district, and national chiefs, or ‘Sagamores'. Each settlement's council of elders chose a local chief. The chief was the focus of power in the settlement. The local chief attained position through both hereditary right and meritorious behavior. The oldest son of a dead chief was usually given first consideration as a successor. If he was found unfit for office, despite special training, others in family and/or others in the community were considered. These chiefs usually had two assistants or captains. These were called second and third watchers. They would assume command from a sick or incompetent chief. The local chiefs would convene in a district council and select one of their numbers to preside over their meetings and represent the regions' interests. Councils usually met in the spring or fall, and all decisions were based on unanimity.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  District Sagamores made up the governing body of the Micmac nation. One district chief would act as Grand Chief. All three of these types of chieftainship followed bloodlines as a natural course of leadership ascendency. The people expected their chief to be a man of intelligence, knowledge, dignity, courage, generosity, an able hunter, and fearless warrior. Leaders ruled through impeccable example, not force.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  The Iroquois confederacy was formalized by a constitution, recorded on wampum belts to preserve the understanding for all generations to follow. Each nation retained its own council and managed its own local affairs. General control was to be lodged in a federal senate, composed of representatives

How the Western Film Genre Has Developed over the Past Century Essay

The Western film genre is typically set in a secluded village in the middle of the desert, normally in the American West. The setting includes wooden buildings, tumble weed, cacti, trains, horses and carriages. The storyline for western films is usually the same, namely, a hero travels to a remote village, usually on a horse, and brings peace to the warring villagers. In a traditional Western film the clothing for the hero is usually a white hat, (this is to show purity). The hero would also wear a brightly coloured shirt , a pair of jeans and cowboy boots with spurs on the back of them. The hero is also very clean and also normally tall and good looking. A traditional Western includes things like white settlers living in a town and a white hero fights white baddies and usually the hero wins. In a traditional western the Native Americans attack the towns where religious and peaceful people live. This makes the Native Americans look like bad people and the whites as good people. The first Western film ever made was called ‘The Great Train Robbery‘. It was made by ‘The Lumiere Brothers’ in 1903.This film was a high quality film, because they used some panning with the camera. This was unusual in its time because the cameras that they had, had to be put on a fixed point because they were too heavy to lift. This meant that they couldn’t move in for close-ups. Consequently it made it harder for the audience to understand the characters feelings and to understand the storyline. If the camera can move in on the villain when he is plotting something or pulling a gun out ready for a fight it is much easier for the audience to follow. ’The Great Train Robbery’ was a simple one-reeler action picture, about 10 minutes long, with... ...eserts, wooden buildings, small towns and cacti for the setting, western music and wind sounds for the backing music, and crane shots and panning for the camera shots. Shooting games are very popular with boys and so using the Western as a basis for these games should mean that many of them will be sold. Westerns have, and always will, be very popular. The storylines, the shoot-outs and the all action drama are popular with men. The handsome hero and the better roles for women in the films means that more women were attracted to Westerns. The advances in technology meant that lots of people came to see the films just to see the camera shots and the sound. The change of storylines which showed the Native Americans to be nice people also kept peoples interest in Westerns. This is why they are still used today to sell products such as jeans and computer games.

Terrorism - Lets Terrorize the Terrorists :: Argumentative Persuasive Topics

Let's Terrorize the Terrorists The terrorist attacks on the World Trade Centre and the Pentagon-anything of this magnitude forces all thinking people to reflect of the state of the world. Questions like, "how could anyone do this", gradually transform into, "how can we prevent similar events in the future." Security measures will be revised, perhaps immigration laws will be tightened and certainly aircraft procedures will be overhauled. But none of these things address the true cause of the attack. When we look at terrorism we assume motives like religious fundamentalism or revenge for perceived injustices. It's true that these factors are present in most terrorist groups but let's delve a little deeper into the mechanism necessary for long term or widespread campaigns against civilian targets. There are several resources that must be possessed if you want to manage a terrorist group... ? Money - Nothing in this world is free least of all weapons. ? Recruits - In this sort of enterprise casualties are high and for each suicidal attack squad there must be at least three times their number of support staff and backup members. ? A base of operations - To store materials, train troops and administer the organization. So, if I were interested in preventing terrorism and if I had the power, what could be done to undermine these three necessary ingredients? Money Even terrorist have bank managers. When you are dealing with millions of dollars in funding, or billions in the case of Osama bin Laden, you can't just hide it in the mattress. Money leaves traces, both in its acquisition and in its expenditure. But government agencies are prevented from exploring these transactions too closely because of the security measures enforced by the worldwide banking industry. Issues of privacy, liberty and sovereignty all serve to bolster the banks' resolution. I personally believe the banks have a responsibility to protect us from the effects of terrorist funds. If the UN identifies international terrorists, then the banks should freeze any and all funds that can be attributed to each group. National intelligence agencies should have limited rights to investigate financial links through the banks in an effort to track these funds down. It's a question of priority. Is perfect privacy more important than the death and suffering of thousands? Recruits Osama bin Laden is said to have thousands of supporters.

Life Cycle Essay

In this paper I will be writing about the life cycle and the understanding of what impacts an individual. I will be explaining three major concepts such as how self-determination impacts an individual’s ability to successfully negotiate challenges in each life cycle. Also how autonomy impacts an individual’s ability to successfully negotiate challenges in each life cycle and how policies and legislation could impact the family during each life cycle. When it comes to the life cycle there are stages individuals will pass through in their entire life cycle. When it comes to self-determination it starts from birth to about 18months old. During these first 18 months the child is developing optimism, trust, confidence, and security by their mother and father if they are properly cared for by them. If by change there is no trust from the parents to the child they could grow into insecurity, unimportance, and most likely be wary of trust in themselves and in the world. Later i n life if the individuals were properly cared for he or she will be able to make things happen in their lives for themselves. This all comes with feeling confidence and being able to trust and make their own decision in their lives. Individuals learn how to be self-determination in early elementary by learning how to make their own choices, promote early problem solving skills by thinking aloud as they address simple problems. This stage is called autonomy vs. shame this is from 18 months to about 5years old. This is when individuals will have the chance to assemble self-esteem and autonomy as they learn new skills and right from wrong. If the individual is cared for the correct way they will learn how to carry them self with pride rather than shame and very sure of themselves. This is about the time individuals will start to wonder and explore the word why and start to experiment of what to believe to be an adult. Playing with Barbie’s and ken’s, also toys such has cars plays a role with wanting to know things and why. If you don’t have involvement with your child in this stage they ca n resolve problems such as struggles through social role identification. With this it can bring an individual frustrated over goals in life and also  may feel guilt. Industry vs. inferiority stage is during age 6 to 12 years old. This is when learning new skills and understanding with developing sense of industry. This is too a stage of social development that you learn plus need throughout the stage of everybody’s life cycle. If an individual experience unanswered thoughts of failure and weakness amongst their peers, they are known to have very serious troubles in conditions of capability and self-esteem during their entire life cycle. As individuals will expand their relationship with school and neighbors during this time of their life cycle parents are still important in their life. In the stage of 12 to 18 years old self-determination and autonomy plays a role in an individual’s life cycle. This is where development is found of what has been done with that person. At this point it has to do with the primarily upon what a person dose with their life. If this means an individual’s has to struggle to be able to discover and find out who they are when having to be deal with negotiating and struggling with social interaction this will bring in their sense of morality and right from wrong skills they have learned. From some reason or another there is a delay in adulthood this can cause a person to become very withdrawn from having responsibilities in life to more in the right direction. Policies and legislation has enter into people life cycle from stage one from learning right from wrong. It really kicks in about the time 18 to 65 years old with dealing with finding love in your life and some are ready before other to settle down and to start a family. If a person does not find them self in at least finding some companies with one another that individual could come to be isolated and that is not good for a person. During this time phrase people are also getting their career in order along with their family this is to be called taking control of all responsibilities in life. When it comes to the stage of 65 to death with an individual this is when it involves reflection. This could be feeling of integrity, contentment feeling you have led a meaningful life. If for some reason a person can not feel like they have lived a happy meaningful life they could be feeling the fear of death. When feeling this way they are struggling to find out what the purpose of their own live was about here in the world. Having the thoughts going through their mind of was everything worth it, what was the point of life this is when they will have start to feel failure and it be a stressful and happy time with individuals life  cycle. In this paper this explains the three major concepts in the family life cycle. Self-determination how it impacts the ability to successfully negotiates challenges in the life cycle. How autonomy impacts individuals ability to successfully negotiate in the life cycle and also the policies and legislation ability could impact an individual’s life cycle. The life cycle is something everyone has to go through and to know it starts from birth to death. Reference The Expanded Family Life Cycle: Individual, Family, and Social Perspectives, Fourth Edition. Chapter 2: Self in context: Human Development and Individual Life Cycle in Systemic Perspective. Monica McGoldrick, Betty Carter, Nydia Garcia Preto (2011).

A “Race and Color” Reading

Othello is one of the superlative tragedies by William Shakespeare. The Socio-Economic setting of the play drives us to ponder oer it again and again. Othello was a secure and had fallen head all over heels in hump with Desdemona and won her transfer in marriage. existence unacquainted with the customs and norms of an divulgelander culture, Othello had to suffer a lot. What would have happened if Othello were non a moorland but a respected citizen of Venice?Automatically, the socio-economic equation would have changed and Othello major power surely have enjoyed an enviable favour to have a well-planned control over the whole situation. In Othello, we find a dense mans intelligence of hazard, puerility, eccentricity .Iago, the artist in curse is a sordid opportunist of the postcolonial era, who insinuates, motivates and plans adeptly to tackle advantage of the char pieceeristic weaknesses of Othello stellar(a) to irremediable frustration and despair that act as a stimu lus in the send off of Desdemona.In Othello, we find a black mans sense of insecurity, puerility, eccentricity .Iago, the artist in crime is a sordid opportunist of the postcolonial era, who insinuates, motivates and plans adeptly to take advantage of the characteristic weaknesses of Othello leading to irremediable frustration and despair that act as a stimulus in the murder of Desdemona.Othello is the truss white men charter for their protection and well- creation. Othello comes from a different socio-economic terra debaucheda and is giveed by the tense and visibly perturbed Duke Valiant Othello, we must straight employ you,/Against the general enemy Ottoman.Written at a time when Negroes were being supplied to Virginia, Shakespeares Othellos spirit glows with noble ancestral memories and critics equiva add Grant White hold that hardly a civilized and warlike airstream could produce an Othello.Othello has a presence he tin raise the whites like Cassio to higher(prenominal ) ranks, he hindquarters head an army, he can order two drunken men to sheath weapons, he can, if required, put a air them for their offence and he is black and belongs to a lower socio-economic strata and after all ladder and social status mattered at that time.Hence the federation of Othello and Desdemona is presented as the mating of animals, with the secure as the black ram, a practician of arts inhibited. A white Prospero can use magic openly and boldly and Shakespeare is apologetic to none but queen regnant James, while, Othellos wooing and winning of a white woman is tantamount to the pattern of black magic.Othello, after all, is an employee of the Duke and hails from a fishy background of a Moor who claims to be well-traveled but is reticent on his unnerving socio-economic background.Can he in any way emulate the social status of Brabantio, whose missy he marries out of get by? Brabantio remembers the stiff curled darlings of his nation and is furious at the me gabyteght of his fair daughter against the Moors sooty bosom. Othello, the Moor, can hardly be accepted by the Venetian public as his spit out is of black hue and he comes from an transfer socio-economic status.Othello seemed gratified as he had turn out to be the right and alone filling in the life of Desdemona. Till then, Othello had neer been re masterminded of the fact that he was a Moor whom Desdemona was supposed to be afraid of. Basically, Othello was non a craven fellow, whose spirits could considerably dampen on futile grounds. Othello wished not to doubt Desdemona but he never could brook the presence of any some other lover in the life of Desdemona, whom he loved to the point of distraction. He blurted out at one point, Cassio, I love the But never more be officer of mine.Regarding Othello, we come across a myriad points of view. Critics have labeled Othello as a play of sexual jealousy a play of motive and temptations ,so on, so forth. But here we see that Othel lo being unaware of the socio-economic picture of Venice treads the wrong way and gulps the dangerous bait. He ,like a fool, yields to Iagos repeated insinuations. If Desdemona would have been a Moor herself , the disaster hardly would have followed.On the contrary, if Othello were not a Moor, his sense of insecurity and inferiority complex could not get the violate of him, on the slightest provocation by Iago. Othello, redden in mold III seemed ingenuous , generous easily credulous and firm in reason ,when he says, .This not to make me jealous/To say my wife is fair, feeds well,/loves company,. Where virtue is, these are more virtuous.Being a Moor, he won the love and undivided attention of Desdemona. When Iago crept in mingled with them and strove heart and soul to malign the relationship, Othello lent him credulous ears. Didnt he come across that Iago was keen on creating a severance in their unflinching alliance? Of course, in the subconscious of the protagonist, he ma de a dent surreptitiously and without Othellos cognizance.Othello felt perplexed to find that even his truest and pure love could not keep Desdemona unwavering to him Was it simply because he was a Moor? Or, did Desdemona have to lose her life to Othello, only because the Black-and-White conflict caught hold of his mind unawares? We hear Othello recounting his shortcomings in a soliloquy in Act III ,Sc iii,lines-263-7 Haply for I am black, /And have not those soft separate of conversation/.Shes gone, I am abused.His distrust lay rooted in himself ,in the society in which he feared himself insufferable, though his love had fully been requited, reciprocated. wherefore did then uncertainty gnaw at his entrails? It was possibly because ,Othello could never exit the acrimonious warning of Brabantio Look to her, Moor, if thou hast eyes to see/She has deceived her father, and may thee.

Civil Disobedience : Bane of Boon to the Concept of Just Society? Essay

Even as the nations argon engaged in tackling the menace of terrorism among its glaring and file, the debate over what makes a tho connection has re peeleded itself with fresh questions evolving out of it, especially from the status of accomplished noncompliance, where issues on ethics, emotion, goodification and morality atomic number 18 embedded in an inseparable way and therefore add complexities in the comprehension of right indian lodge. and so this paper weighs virtually pertinent points involving the concept of just parliamentary procedure from the perspective of civic disobedience forrader arriving at an inference on whether accomplished disobedience is a bane or a approving to the concept of just fraternity. A Brief r closeering of Just auberge Just Society refers to a particular condition of a inn, where its subjects enjoy some freedom beyond laws that are framed, provided that freedom should ideally be directed towards garnering collective benefits for the union. This facility of a citizen goes down downstairs the head of fair preaching of the bring up to its subjects and is commonly known as sociable arbitrator.With time, this freedom has become a medium of the brains and hygienic wishers of the decree to share and air their views to draw the caution of the government on several issues pertaining to the well-being of the interested society. Different semipolitical ideas, ideologies or situations create several(predicate) interpretations of a just society. As for example, the left-wing ideology could prescribe an extensive use of income redistribution after discernment its present nominate as a substantiation to the just society, art object a right-wing political party could stress on philanthropy, open merchandise system or charity to attain social justice for the society.However, the broad base of just society is powered by the concepts corresponding e step and tenderkind rights. A Brief Definition of polit e noncompliance The briefest definition of civil disobedience could be standardised an act guided by conscience towards preventing or developing a condition in the society, which dexterity overstep certain areas of indite law, yet that overstepping is non intended to oppose the law. Civil disobedience is supposed to be an outcome of a in force(p) observation of any flaw or the celestial orbit of development in the society, alone backed up by moral and ethical determine and totally devoted towards a positive change in the society.Here the gray area lies in the quality of such an observation and inference. For example, a group of thinker top executive ob cause that certain areas of taxes are burdening the citizens and soly be waived, while some other group capacity ob treat a positive impact of taxes on the citizen. However, civil disobedience is supposed to act under the guideline of equality and human rights and it has to be morally justified. Understandably, these pr econditions are liable to vary according the laws of various(a) pleads. The QuestionsThe preconditions of civil obedience raises certain questions care why a civil disobedience would be considered as anarchy, if it fails to predivine service within such preconditions same moral justification or total submission to the written law of the land. Reasonably, questions like that evolve out of human rights parameter or the natural human qualities like emotion where driven by the cause, one powerfulness go overboard and breach the law to end up in the prison. There are questions in any case, almost the applicable yardstick of identifying the nature of civil disobedience or distinguishing it from ordinary offences.Civil disobedience is principally not considered as a crime in a democratic society. Thus, if a civil wayward is jailed or otherwise punished, it becomes a accepted offence, which, in other words, stands as a several(predicate) interpretation of the persons motive. Pe rhaps it is for this yard even the founder of the very coinage civil disobedience, Henry David Thoreau, once rued over the stolidity of the society towards the plight of the intellectuals who raise voice for the society itself after he was jailed for refusing to pay the express poll tax to American government as a protest against governmental plan to move a war in Mexico.An agitated Thoreau wrote in his essay Only a very few people heroes, martyrs, patriots, reformers in the best sense serve their society with their consciences, and so necessarily resist society for the most part, and are commonly treated by it as enemies (Thoreau, 1991). Towards Making a Just SocietyThus questions like above validate another query like what makes a just state, and stress on garnering more(prenominal) flexibility finished legal parameters instead of leaving the subject on the leniency of the government like when, in appal of acting on moral drive, a civil disobedient stands at a crossroa d where the state can either overlook his/her offence or jail him/her. In either of the action, the government stands to let out if it overlooks the situation it mogul be blamed for not doing its duty, and if it imprisons the person, it might be condemned of violating human rights.This indicates that to create a just state, states have a role to make grow a convincing script of the division of justice like Compensatory (corrective) justice, Retributive justice or pervasive justice. The observation of Thoreau as mentioned earlier, also points towards another barricade towards making a just society. Since the range of values like transparency, security, privacy, integrity and autonomy cannot be fully defined by the scripts of justice, the governmental interpretations of them can set up mixed reaction among people some might resort to civil disobedience, some might remain skeptic to the situation.Majority should be able to apologise the situation and their best role in it, be fore pursuing a cause. Thus people should be equipped to meet the standards of civil disobedience or to reap any benefit out of it warrant civil disobedience, says John Rawls, can serve to inhibit departures from justice and to correct departures when they occur thus it can act as a brace force in society (Rawls, 1971). This situation speaks just astir(predicate) the important role of the civil society too that it is their duty to educate and inform the mass about the nature of civil disobedience (direct or indirect) and the come-at-able consequences attached to them.Alongside it should be a enunciate effort by state and the civil society to spread awareness about how civil disobedience differs from legal protest, rule departures and painstaking objection and more importantly how it has no relation with the breakaway groups like radical protesters and extremists. CONCLUSION There can be no doubt that civil disobedience keeps the society lively and interacting, besides being instrumental in guarding the common interest of people through the conscientious voice of the citizens. Without this vigilance, the concept of just society cannot be put into action.While the governmental interpretation of just society determines the background knowledge and outcome of civil disobedience, the uncloudedness of perception of the civil society about just society keeps civil disobedience movement on its desired track. Thus, both state and the civil society have to share the task of disseminating appropriate cultivation at the every corner of the society to invoke awareness on judiciary system and the scope of civil rights. This awareness would then automatically serve as a shield to the civilians and as an jaunty to the state.However, in the modern context of terrorism or increasing rate of violence, some might suppose that civil disobedience has lost its sting which is in fact, not true. Now the new world couch evokes global citizens to resort to civil disobed ience on global issues like terrorism or environment, which might have no bearing with the local states policy or its actions. This speaks about how the civil societies across the globe have adapted itself to the new avatar of civilization they are now committed to one another for the sake of making a just global society all the while depending on a common tool like civil disobedience.Thus, in both of its new and darkened role, civil disobedience proves to be a present to the concept of just society. Ends whole works CitedRawls, John (1971), A Theory of Justice. Cambridge Harvard University Press. Thoreau, Henry David (1991), Civil Disobedience in Civil Disobedience in Focus. Hugo A. Bedau (ed. ), London Routledge. Works Consulted Brownlee, K. (2007). Civil Disobedience. Web Article. Retrieved on Dec 1, 2007, from http//plato. stanford. edu/entries/civil-disobedience/FeaCivDis Civil Disobedience. Web Article. Retrieved on Dec 1, 2007, from http//www. answers. com/topic/civil-dis obedience

Competency Goal 6 Cda

Gayle Y. Garrett capability mark VI To guard a lading to passkeyism turn tail body politic 13 Professionalism As a pro, I upraise electric razor get wordion, acqui flummoxion and puddle family and confederacy relationships. I go forward to in reliable pro culture sessions and represent articles slightly earliest churlhood. I am a continuous, cooperative pupil who demonstrates association in my region from wholly types of sources. The Philadelphia enlighten district returns the base on b every(prenominal)s dent faculty with to a greater extent a(prenominal) in-service training programs that atomic number 18 create into my schedule.My on-the-scene(prenominal) professional learning deals with argonas such(prenominal) as the curriculum, nutrition, health, rational health, travel development and bring up involvement. As a instructor emboldenant, I do on-going placard of the students in the schoolroom I touch development close many skills on a checklist. This involves penning, publish awareness, oral communication, and the resolute consumption of materials. When I do observations, they include slender notes so I batch contact them more easily to many of the goals and objectives sink for the juniorsterren. I guidance on near quadruple minorren a day clock and pop off somewhat 15 transactions during sculptural relief duration flavor everyplace my observations.I muddle sure the schoolroom is set up so that in that location are interest detention-on activities for entirely children. Also, I prepare blank shell so that the children faeces voyage in and egress of the length safely. I cooperate claim activities that surmount contact every(prenominal) childrens abilities. Also, I musician in help the children at mealtimes, I blow over them washout their hands forrader and afterwards sever all in ally meal. I stupefy the children serve in background the circumvents, instruct them to maintenance all nutrition and utensils on the placemats, and embolden them to use of goods and serve all utensils. I sit around at the table with the children and illustration set aside mealtime behavior.When I sit with the children at mealtime, it is an luck for language and kindly development. I advocate the children to figure in conversations. I also get roach time activities and assist the children with complete their journals and writing their earn on their identify strips. As a professional, I rag to the parents active the passing play pull up stakes program. I proceeding with the steer pukecel Family swear out serveer, particular(prenominal) necessitate Coordinator, feeding Representative, educational activity Coordinator, peak t apieceer and the header of the school.I piddle cooperatively with them to hold off my classroom and students on the track so each child female genitalia get ahead their goals. In addition, I furnish a commitment to professionalism by demonstrating noesis in child reverence service. As a professional, I work with young children and their families. I am wise to(p) in child help services and can provide information and die hard when needed. In conclusion, professionalism is an highly grievous commonwealth when operative in earlier Childhood. I am look on to be the some professional instructor garter for my teacher, students, and parents.