Latin American Literature Essay

It should be noted that Latin American Literature of the 20th century demonstrates perfect connection between the generations: the Ancient and the Modern. The most noticeable literary figures use the rich history, mythology and spiritual bound between the generations in order to demonstrate strong connection of their nation with the events and people who lived in the Ancient times and differed a lot from the present day realities. Many authors want to reveal that the spirit of the Ancient tribes living on the territory of contemporary Latin America is the most valuable heritage of contemporary people, connecting them with the past. It goes without saying that literary creations of the outstanding authors, living in the Latin American region, reflect the intentions to show deep connection of the different nations with their Ancient past, celebrating the unity of Ancient and Modern traditions within the nations of independent Latin American Countries. It is essential that the question of the Ancient heritage in Latin America is among the quite acute. That is why it is not surprising that it has found reflection in the outstanding 20th century novels, which take a significant place in Latin American Literary Heritage. They are The Storyteller by Peruvian writer Mario Vargas Llosa, written in 1987 and Where the Air is Clear by outstanding Mexican writer Carlos Fuentes, released in far 1958. Despite the significant difference in genre and plot structure these novels are united under the one theme. They reveal the close connection of the modern Latin American society with the past. The core idea of this research is to reveal this connection between the ancient and the modern within the pages of these books. Where the Air is Clear by Carlos Fuentes and close connection of the Modern world to the Ancient heritage. Where the Air Is Clear is the first novel, written by Carlos Fuentes and from the very beginning the author raised quite burning questions and important themes. One novel’s heroes, Ixca Cienfuegos, plays quite a significant cultural role in the novel, which is written in the form of character sketches collection in the Mexico City. Ixca Cienfuegos is connecting all separate parts within the pages of a book. Masterful combination of different techniques let the author represent the dynamical development of Mexico after the revolution at the time period of nearly a decade, 1940s and 1950s. It should be noted that the key figures of the novel is Mexico City itself and the author reveals cultural peculiarities describing the life of the city. The author takes the reader into the fascinating trip around the streets of Mexico City, dealing with some pages of its history. The novel could not be regarded as the typical analysis of the city dwellers; the author masterfully notes all the drawbacks incisively describing Mexico City inhabitants. He shows Federico Robles, who is a banker; Norma Robles, a social climber; Ovando family, who was rich before the revolution, but lost everything after; Rodrigo Polo, Mexican writer, who suffered during the revolution as his father was executed, Amerindian Gladys, who sells her body and certainly Ixca Cienfuegos, who is real critic and observer of the whole system. Carlos Fuentes, as a representative of Magic realism, could not avoid showing the reader the question of solitude and identity of Mexico, its loss in the labyrinth, understanding that there in no other country in Latin America, which obsessively seeks for it personal identity, returning again to its history and moving ahead. The country feels itself lost between the motherland (with all its cultural traditions and peculiarities) and the adopted land. With the help of different literary elements such as disjointed writing style, flashback, the stream of consciousness, non-chronological recount of events and alternation of narration forms, the author masterfully performs the surreal atmosphere of the constant search, which is one f the main themes of the novel. To find the correlation between the present and the past is very difficult for the main heroes of the novel and each of them touches the question of identity. It should be noted that the most surreal element of the novel is Mexico City, which is depicted as one of the core figures of the novel; this makes Where the Air is Clear outstanding from the other novels dealing with the question of national identity. The book itself essentially represents the quest for national identity in Mexico in the post – revolutionary times. Placing Mexico City as a central Figure, Carlos Fuentes shift the role of all the human characters to the background due to the fact that their lives and past experience correlate with the primary intention of definition the culture and history of the country. The question if perfectly revealed through the confrontation of the present day reality with its past, and the reader understand that this conflict has been lasting for already many years. The following quote perfectly illustrates the confrontation: â€Å"But does such a thing as ‘original’ blood exist? No: every pure element grows and is consumed in its own purity, does not develop; the original is the impure, the mixed, the mulatto and the mestizo, as I am, as all of Mexico is. Which is to say, originality supposes a mixing, a creation, not a purity previous to our experience. Rather than born original, we come to be original; origin is creation. Mexico must find her origin by looking ahead, not behind† (Carlos Fuentes, 1958, p. 44). The present day reality of the country could hardly correlate to the past of the Aztec Empire, its beliefs, hopes and cultural peculiarities. But the author makes a stress not on the confrontation and conflict; he tries to reveal that the Mexican identity and cultural peculiarity is the mixture of two different, even opposite cultures. The European Tradition and the Indian tradition; the history of Mexico, unites people of different origins, race and thought and every hero of the novel proves that, as every character is a certain emblem of different Mexican aspects, and if we integrate the histories of the heroes, we could reveal that it is the actual Mexican identity, in the unique integration of many different cultures. The story that seemed to be a disconnected is a surrealist approach of the Author, who makes a stress on the division of Mexico and its unwillingness to perceive itself as interracial community. Such surrealist technique of writing let Carlos Fuentes to show the reader his personal and vividly portrayal vision of Mexico: a confronting country with unclear identity It goes without saying that sharp division between the social classes in the 1950-s Mexico adds a lot in the constant quest for the national identity. If we look back in the history of Mexico, the Aztecs were on the top of social ranking, under the time of Aztec empire everything was subjected to their will; the situation in Where the Air Is Clear is quite opposite the indigenous Indians are on the lowest place in the Mexican society (good illustration is prostitute Gladys). Another conflict is also observed. The new and the past governing classes also involved in the confrontation. The impoverished Ovando family is contrasted to Nora Robles, the contemporary representative of the upper Mexican Classes. One of the most powerful scenes is her meeting with Lorenza de Ovando, bitter aristocratic matriarch. Here we could observe allusion on the Modern Mexico and the Past one. The country, which rejects her Aztec past, its Gods, myths and cultural traditions The Storyteller Mario Vargas Llosa, and close connection of the Modern world to the Ancient heritage. Mario Vargas Llosa tells us a story of two college friends: the anonymous narrator (some critics consider that the author introduced himself) and his friend, Saul Zurantas, a Peruvian Jew. They both very interesting time at college, studying ethnography, they had a number of philosophical disputes. As it usually happens the friendship was erased after graduation. The narrator was intended to find a scholarship and continue his studies abroad and his friend was seen at college seldom and finally disappeared. It was told that he either immigrated to Israel or lost somewhere in the jungle in the east of Peru within the Machiguenga people. The narrator graduated and started his career as a member of the field theme from the Institute of linguistics and further he became television documentaries producer. During this time he did not stop attempts to contact his lost friend Saul, intended to learn more about the cultural peculiarities of Machiguenga tribes, but unfortunately he failed. Only in the very beginning appears a haunting image, which narrator had at a Florentine Art Gallery. He recognized Saul Zurantas as the Machiguengas tribal storyteller on the photographs. The book unites and compares the chapters told by the narrator and the ones telling the reader of the Peruvian Indian Mythology. It makes the reading rich on the contrast. One chapter describes the discussion between Saul Zurantas and the narrator what impact provided the missionaries alongside with the business interest from the west on the unique nature of the Machiguenga tribes and culture. This chapter is prolonged with the national folklore telling about the spirit world, the animals and elements. It would be hard to reveal whether it is the voice of Saul Zurantas or the Machiguenga storyteller tells about mystical connection between the nature and the people. These two viewpoints thought provoking dialogues contrasted to the national tales is revealing the importance of keeping the unique cultures that are under the threat of westernization and loss of their identity. Saul Zurantas, of Jewish origin understands this more than the local Peruvians, that is why he is the storyteller, the one who keeps the connection between the generations, collecting the story of the legendary past. The book is not an easy to read as it has deep philosophical background. It provided a number of burning questions such as the investigation of the other cultures by the anthropologists and how these people, living outside of the civilized world could fit to the major society. The whole question civilization is raised within the pages of the book, the question of the lost heritage, where social anthropologist Saul Zurantas took the place of the story teller, to preserve unique Machiguenga culture, which is located in the depth of the rainforests of the Amazon River. â€Å"Who is purer or happier because he’s renounced his destiny†Ã¢â‚¬  The storyteller asked when he walked in the jungle with the Machiguengatribes, who should constantly roam to keep their obligation to the gods and keep save the Earth and the Sky and the Stars. â€Å"Nobody,† the storyteller replied. â€Å"We’d best be what we are. The one who gives up fulfilling his own obligation so as to fulfill that of another will lose his soul† (Mario Vargas Llosa, 1987). It is deeply spiritual novel, which deals about strong connection between the people of different times. The author tells us that the old tales could not leave anyone indifferent, as they are the part of the history and the part of the culture. Conclusion In the end I would like to make a stress on the fact that both authors reveal strong importance of the past for the present day world. It is important to keep the connection between the generations, to preserve cultural identity and the past could not be neither changes nor forgotten, as national identity of the country strongly deals with the question of the cultural heritage of the previous cultures. The Ancient Maya Tribes and Ancient Aztec have left rich cultural heritage for the Mexicans and the Peruvians and present day people should care and protect this heritage, understanding that the role of the Ancient in our present day Modern is really significant. References Fuentes, Carlos. Where the Air Is Clear. Dalkey Archive Press: orig. 1958; 2004 Llosa, Mario Vargas. The Storyteller. Picador: orig. 1987; 2001 Taube. Karl. Aztec and Maya Myths. Austin: University of Texas,1993 Gerald, Martin. Journeys through the Labyrinth: Latin American Fiction of the Twentieth Century. Verso: 1989

Early memories

â€Å"Hi It's me†. That's what you always said when you used to call me. The velvet angelic voice that broke the silence of those lonely winter days. Your voice was like a disguise, an invisible coat which disguised many mysteries that collaged into one big jigsaw, which could have simply be defined as your lifestory. Although I had been knowing you for a long time, I had never managed to aquaint with your deepest feelings. Not that I blame you, or me for that; there is an old Chilean saying that states that it takes a lifetime to understand a woman, and another lifetime to learn how to deal with her. Like read about memories? Read also  Flashbulb memory! As I stand in my bedroom staring at the surroundings, I remember the past times in which our relationship was fluorishing, when one of your smiles would irrigate my empty mind with happiness and comfort. I had been spending a prolonged period of time In Latin America, visiting my family. I was anxious to see my relatives again, and apart from occasional spalshes of sadness and tears sheded in states of semi-unconciousness you didn't seem to resent much from my departure. It were those frigid sides of your personality that allowed you to conduct the type of life in which you lived through everyday. This was probably the reason why we seemed to get along so well with eachother, we mixed together with the same harmony in which the water from the sea and the sand from the bankshore mix: completely different creatures, native of completely different worlds fitting together like a key in a lock. It was a hot damp summer, the high temperatures of the tropics blurred my mind, just like the fumes coming from the exausts of the old american chevrolets blurred the intense blue sky that gave a magic atmosphere to this remote part of the globe. I would wake up around 7. 30 to start my morning job. I would distribute rations of bread to the neighbouring houses. By that time the empty streets would already be bursting with life. The distant shouts of the vendors in the market place, overcasted by the sound of the jarring traffic, would almost give a rythm to the fast and precise movements of the indigenous woman weaving colourful blankets made of Alpaca skin. I would grab something to eat, and then I would rapidly descend the stairs three steps at a time, as the small truck sounded the clackson. Roberto was already waiting for me at the back of the truck, he was wearing a brand new Guayabera which he said, had been a present for his birthday. When we finished distributing the bread, we would go collect fruit from the jungle, which was a delimiting territory of the region of Pinar Del Rio, feeling like grown ups with our machetes linked to the back of our belt. As the small truck accelerates, I gradually see my little neighbourhood with its palms and markets disappear in the distance, like a dye when mixed with water. The empty and recently built road, melts in with the sea and the surroundings giving the passengers on the vehicle the impression of living in a surrealist painting. Small drops of sweat fulgidly run down my forehead; as a gust of wind blows away a jasmine flower I had picked up on the way, it brings to my mind a wave of memories just like the river brings the detritus to the sea. I lean against a flower bag in the corner of the back of the truck, and you come to my mind again. It was the first few days, I had been guest to this new and alien country. Everything I saw I found peculiar, from the side on which english people drove on the road, to their unusual tradition of having dinner at five o'clock. As I stared in the eyes of these local people, I could only see ice and a melancholycal emptyness, which I wondered if was their nature or their response to my arrival. The first time I saw you I was expecting the same frigid and senseless look, and I was surprised as I noticed none of these elements were present in your look. This was probably the only reason I was so attracted to you initially. Your openiness, and the energy which bursted from the pores of your skin embraced me in a way it was impossible for me to escape, so I decided to surrender and let me carry away by this flow of positive sensation. I had noticed in you a pinch of shyness which arised only in specific situations and under the tension of certain questions. I was never really sure if you behaved like that because you were curious of me and you were trying to get to know me and my environment, just like a laboratory scientist is curious of the behaviour of their guinea-pig to evaluate their intelectual potential, or because you felt sorry for me and the situation I was imprisoned in. As the the days and months went by, our friendship grew stronger, but as all the good things came along so did the bad things. The cultural differences between us in obstacled our relationship in an indirect way. We could not see eachother very often, but this abstinence as well as the suspense which grew in between the times we didn't see eachother, added flavour too our relationship as well as avoiding it from losing originality. Though at times it was need to see you was immense and hard to revoke, especially when we did not have a chance too meet, it made our meetings more special in a way that I was sure I was not going to experience with any other person. Between the smiles and tears of which gave colour to this past year, I barely had time to reflect upon how sometime this will have to end. Now in between dream and reality, this idea comes back to me bringing along sadness and desolation. I wonder if you are thinking the same thing in this times I was out of the country. Out of nowhere a hand taps me on the shoulder and a voice says: † If you truly believe in a moment it will last forever. † I immediately open my eyes, and see Roberto smiling at me. Apparently I had been talking during my dream, and he had heard everything I had said. His arm approaches me again, and I notice the contrast of his brown skin being burned from the sun with the white shirt he was wearing. We had arrived to the jungle; one last time my thoughts and doubts rush into my mind, before our little group of kids start working on the first row of palms delimiting the known world from the mysterious and intriguing jungle.

The Criminology of Terrorism Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

The Criminology of Terrorism - Essay Example A soft target, according to terrorist conscious thinking, is an unarmed person or places, whose activities are predictable and thus easy to control and influence (Edwards, 2015). On the contrary, a hard target is a fully armed person or a heavily guarded place, and thus unpredictable because it is prepared to face any challenge brought along by intruders. Terrorist seems to have abandoned such hard targets, which include military bases, and governmental premises because they seem not to convey their intentions and makes it easy for their enemies to study and master their weapon technology and predict their moves. With soft targets, anyone and everyone is a victim. After a series of bombings and killings in megastructures, military bases, governmental buildings, and other highly rated places, people took refuge in hotels, shopping malls, and other social events. Little did they know that it could soon be an easy target? A good example is the Al-Shaabab, which attacked the Westgate Shopping Mall in Kenya last year and a local University this year, killing more than 200 people (Cruickshank, 2013). The latest issue of an Al Qaeda magazine in the Arabian Peninsula advocates the use of soft targets, because they are easy to attack, cause lot damage, and leave without being noticed (Goldstein, 2007). In their suggestion, they urged Jihadists to randomly shoot people in restaurants in Washington DC. Intensity o security by most governments on terrorist hard targets has forced them to change their strategies so that they can accomplish their mission amidst such difficulties. This has seen hotels, restaurants, shopping malls, social events; churches and mosques become easy targets because their acts happen swiftly. In return, they get the attention, while at the same time causing massive havoc in society.

Defining Criminal Justice Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Defining Criminal Justice - Assignment Example Introduction Criminal justice refers to the structure of institutions and procedures aimed at promoting social control and moderating crime by enforcing penalties and rehabilitation efforts to those who violate laws. In American, criminal justice is administered through the criminal justice system that comprises three constituents, that is the legislative, which makes laws, adjudication, which represents the court system and corrections, which consists of jails, prisons, parole and probation systems. All these groups of persons work together to uphold the rule of law. However, the criminal justice process moves from policing, courts and eventually corrections. Law enforcement or police is the initial contact point between an offender and the criminal justice, making arrests and conducting investigations to gather evidence on crimes committed. Evidence gathered is presented to the courts for adjudication and prosecution of offenders before sentenced offenders are taken to correctional facilities. ... When delving into the various media used to illustrate various aspects of criminal justice, we shall focus firstly on those that represent the police, secondly, we shall look into those that illustrate the courts or adjudication system and lastly correctional facilities. Media on Policing Some of the acclaimed movies and television shows that highlight the policing aspect of criminal justice include Law and Order and The Untouchables (1). Law and Order is a television series aired on NBC showing the policing aspect of criminal justice. The series, which is based on real life events, focuses on crime investigations and suspect apprehension by the police. It also highlights the processes involved in investigations, for instance, forensic analysis of evidence, procedures of receiving warrants from the courts and police involvement in prosecution of suspects through testimonies and presenting evidence (2). For example, an episode in the first season of Law and Order entitled Subterraean Homeboy Blues depicts real life happenings where the police were instrumental in bringing Bernhard Hugo Goetz to justice after he shot four men who attempted to mug him on a New York subway train. The police gathered evidence which led to Goetz’s conviction for illegally possessing a firearm. The Untouchables, on the other hand, centers on the corrupt aspect of law enforcement, the movie, released in 1987, is centered on the life of a gang leader and focuses on portraying the ills of law enforcement such as corruption and colluding with criminals (2). In this film, a large proportion of the police system is portrayed negatively as corrupt officers, who help gang leaders to take advantage

Marketing Environment of the Financial Services Industry Essay

Marketing Environment of the Financial Services Industry - Essay Example Modification of this law recognizes the comparative development of the DIFC and strengthens its autonomy from onshore legislators. These legislative alterations with regard to DIFC examine what can be anticipated in terms of future regulations inside UAE financial services segment. This will significantly aid in encouraging business in the area. The significant bodies of the DFIC are maintained which have distinct pecuniary units with independent budget lines. The new amendment also clarifies the governance and executive structures of the three significant bodies. The new duties are to instigate, standardize and develop an independent payment structure in connection with the UAE fundamental Bank to advance massive wholesale disbursement, including multi-nation, and currency clearance deals. It clears the capability to clear and mend payments and to implement a structure accordingly (Campbell, p. 1). Current havoc in financial markets with regard to the sub-prime financial catastrophe calls for the integration of chattel liquidity into contemporary risk management components. The definitive target is to execute advanced financial modelling elements and sound regulations for the monetary, service industry in the UAE. The Amended Law indicates further advancement of the DIFC and Dubai as a retreat of tranquillity, order and superb governance. The DIFC society and stakeholders promote this amendment since it aims at enhancing the legislative obligation to subsidize DIFC’s contribution to global financial services sector as might be necessary to sustain effectiveness, transparency and veracity. 2 Global Financial Services Industry Leverages on enhanced De-risking Strategies The comprehensive international outlook aims at changing the financial services sector. Rapid recovery has been recorded in varied sections such as banking and coverage from the present economic meltdown. This is expected to guide the international monetary services in the short or medium terms. Transaction safety, operational effectiveness, regulatory conformity, business stability planning, re-engineering, client service and business peril management will probably advance market development in the approaching years. The financial services segment is significant consumer of varied business services and items. It is an economic authority that drives other enterprises undertakings, setting principles as it provides the monies required to advance these enterprises. It is the spotlight of other sections of the market. It is a sector significantly susceptible to market alterations. The initiation of niche players enhances the sector, although, there have been declines in the number of financial affiliations. The emergence of non-financial institutions into this sector is significantly altering the sector. Escalating competition and flooded markets has forced massive actors in the global banking sector to explore upcoming markets. These changes in the financial segment wi ll significantly increase profits, improve clients’ confidence and advance the entire business progress (GIA, p.1). Consolidation has been extremely significant in the financial services segment in present years. These structural alterations in the sector have produced the liberal strategic turbulence that has challenged senior administration

Annotated bibliography Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words - 1

Annotated bibliography - Essay Example These criteria were useful in selecting entries in the bibliography list. Amoako-Gyampah, K. and Salam, A., 2004. An extension of the technology acceptance model in an ERP implementation environment. Information and Management, 41(3), pp. 731-745. Amoako-Gyampah and Salam (2003) intended on establishing the relationship between belief systems, usefulness of technology and subsequent use of the ERP system. The authors collected data from over one thousand workers in their country .They used the TAM (technology acceptance model) model to establish hypotheses for their paper. Amoako-Gyampah and Salam found that communication and training affect belief systems. This paper will be quite useful in assessment 3 because management is yet to approve the ERP project. They need reassurance that the plan will elicit support from members of the organisation. This paper will provide insights on how the company can achieve high usage rates. The major advantage of such an article is that it is theor etically founded on a pre-existing model. Furthermore, it uses empirical research to support its assertions, so Peet’s can rely on it. The paper addresses nontechnical factors that alter ERP usage, which is quite useful in the analysis. Fui-Hoon, N., Zuckweiler, K. and Lau, J., 2003. ERP implementation: Chief information Officer’s perceptions of critical success factors. ... This means that reengineering ought to focus on tailoring the business processes to fit ERP software. They also add that errors in adoption occur when enterprises fail to use capabilities within the ERP system. Organisations have sometimes made too many customisations before understanding their business practices. This paper is insightful because it relies on views of CIOs who have succeeded in implementing ERP systems. Subjects are thus speaking with authority on the matter. The article is relevant to the assignment because it extols the merits of buying one’s ERP system and taking advantage of its capabilities. Gattiker, T. And Goodhue, D., 2005. What happens after ERP implementation: Understanding the impact of interdependence and differentiation on plant level outcomes. MIS Quarterly, 29(3), 559-587. In the paper, the writers assess implications of certain organisational qualities in the performance of the ERP system. They found that organisational models must have low lev els of differentiation and high interdependence for them to experience ERP impact. Data integration works well when interdependence between subunits is high. Furthermore, ERP coordination improvements will be minimised when units in a company depend on each other. The article will be useful in this assessment because it addresses some of the potential glitches that could minimise these outcomes. Findings could be used to convince management about the usefulness of an ERP project as Peet’s already has highly interdependent business functions. Additionally, customisation will moderate effects of differentiation in the organisation. For the business report to garner support from management, it must acknowledge potential barriers and identify ways of overcoming them. This is what the

ALFRED THAYER MAHAN Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

ALFRED THAYER MAHAN - Essay Example Commissioned as a Lieutenant in 1861, Mahan served the Union in the American Civil War as an officer on Congress, Pocahontas, and James Adger, and as an instructor at the Naval Academy. In 1865 he was promoted to Lieutenant Commander and then to Commander (1872), and Captain (1885). Despite his success in the Navy, his skills in commanding a ship was not exemplary, and a number of vessels under his command were involved in collisions, with both moving and stationary objects. With strong affection for old square-rigged vessels, he did not like smoky, noisy steamships of his times and he tried to avoid active sea duty. On the other hand, the books he wrote ashore made him arguably the most influential naval historian. In 1885, he was appointed lecturer in naval history and tactics and the Naval War College. It was here he began researching and writing his lectures. He later became the president of the Naval War College and sometime in 1887, he became acquainted with a young visiting lecturer named Theodore Roosevelt, who would later become the president of the United States. During this period Mahan organized his Naval War College lectures into his most influential books, The Influence of Sea Power upon History, 1660–1783, and The Influence of Sea Power upon the French Revolution and Empire, 1793–1812, published in 1890 and 1892, respectively. Some of his other noteworthy works include Life of Farragut (1892), The Life of Nelson, the Embodiment of the Sea Power of Great Britain (2 vols., 1897), Sea Power in its Relation to the War of 1812 (1905), and From Sail to Steam (1907), the last a book relating to his own career. In his later years he also wrote many articles for the magazine s, and out of them were formed several volumes of essays. Mahan believed that control of seaborne commerce was the determining factor to domination in war. It emphasized that if one combatant could deny the use of the sea to the other party, then the economy of the other side would

Globalization Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words - 14

Globalization - Essay Example s affected by it; in fact, it can be said that it undermines state sovereignty because decisions that are made have to consider their impact on international affairs (Shimko 192). An example of this is oil-exporting countries that heavily depend on the income from this product to fund their national budgets. If these countries were to act in a way which displeases the international community, then they would be forced to abandon such decisions through the placing of sanctions on their exports. Moreover, because of globalization, many countries have interests in other countries; therefore, to protect these interests, it has become necessary for the powerful to meddle in the political affairs of the weaker ones (Yang170). This has not only made the latter countries lose their sovereignty, but it has also encouraged their overdependence on more developed nations for economic aid. Cultural diversity loosely refers to the variety and differences in race, ethnicity, and class that are present in a society, state, or the world. Different races have diverse cultures or customs; for  example, in a  traditional  Mexican  wedding; there is a  distinct  ceremony  where  a rosary  or  white  rope  is wound around  the  bride  and  groom  to form a number eight.  Languages, cuisine and mode of dressing are also part of cultural diversity notwithstanding the conformity to everyday way of living by people of a certain society (Mueller 71). History profoundly determines these aspects, but they are mostly affected by the environment. This implies the people who develop the cultural resources and control access to the culture itself. While trying to achieve globalization, cultural diversity has developed since the core idea behind it is ‘speaking a common language’. This is because globalization includes transformation of a s patial organization, which in turn means wide-ranging institutional reform institutions formed with a large influence from culture. Many argue that

Case Study--Customer Relationship Management Heads to the Cloud (ITM Study

--Customer Relationship Management Heads to the Cloud (ITM class) - Case Study Example It is also ideal for large companies with large numbers of customers located in diverse backgrounds. This service is efficient and effective compared to manual systems of processing information about their customers. Small to medium enterprises may not be suitable for this particular service which is specifically designed to accommodate large volumes of data. Small organizations usually process small volumes of data and this can be done internally using the database of the company which can be updated manually using programmes like excel. Though the subscription fee for this service appears to be little, it might be costly to small enterprises since they can easily manage their own databases without the aid of large clouding computing service if they deal with a small number of customers. 2. The main advantage of using cloud based enterprise application is that it is efficient and can process large volumes of data much faster than using manual methods for processing the same amount of data. The other advantage why large companies should adopt this cloud based CRM service is that it can be customised to meet the need of the organization. It also does not take a long period of time to implement since it is specifically designed to suit the information requirements of the company. The other advantage is that this CRM service is web based and it allows the organization to centralise its information services. This allows the managers to track as well as to monitor all information about the customers which gives them knowledge about the measures they can take in order to improve the operations of their organization. This web based service is secure since it ensures that confidential information cannot be removed from the data base. In terms of processing information about many customers, this service is advantageous to large corporations since it makes information processing fairly easy. However, the main disadvantage for using this service is

Human Resource Essay Example for Free

Human Resource Essay What is Strategic Human Resources Management and how does it link the people with the strategic needs of the business? â€Å"Strategic human resource management is designed to help companies best meet the needs of their employees while promoting company goals. Human resource management deals with any aspects of a business that affects employees, such as hiring and firing, pay, benefits, training, and administration†. (http://www.wisegeek.com/what-is-strategic-human-resource-management.htm) The origin of Infosys starts initially in 1981 when six individuals decided that they would set out to change the structure of IT business and make the company known and respected in the industry. In the initial startup phase, however Infosys did not see immediate profit as with most startup companies and experienced very tough times and hardship. After a brief time of hardship Infosys started to see growth and expansion pick up and Infosys would see the company starting to grow more rapidly. The problem Infosys faced when they had more growth than expected was employees that somehow became a little disengaged and became unhappy while working at the company. Infosys realized that employees were what made companies successful as they were who interacted with customers on a regular and they are the ones that kept customers engaged and build relationships with them. Issues Faced at Infosys Reading the article and looking at the organization from an external standpoint allowed me to see where issues where in the organization. The first issue which I though may not have been a particularly bad issue was the growth the company was seeing. Anytime there is growth and not enough staff available, the immediate thing to do would be hire more staff. Infosys was forced to hire more workers and in turn quickly became overstaffed with workers and soon found out they did not need as many people as they had hired for. Infosys soon found themselves with workers that had become disgruntled because of â€Å"slow periods† when work was minimal. Infosys offered stock to its employees in an attempt to counteract the negative feelings and attitudes that employees were starting to develop and employees were okay with this however it was not a complete solution and Infosys soon high turnovers from their employees and overall dissatisfaction. Employee Engagement could have been conducted in this matter and would have probably assisted with better retention of employees and the company’s HR objectives. â€Å"Engagement is the extent to which employees are motivated to contribute to organizational success and are willing to apply effort to accomplishing tasks. (Mello, 2011) Alternatives to be considered Infosys uses a very standardized method when it comes to managing and the managing employees. They will need to implement new and exciting methods to do this and they would need to start with better employee management relationships. They would need to get feedback from the employees and consider areas of opportunity and immediate needs for change. The organization would need to focus more on seeking out qualified individuals versus hiring individuals just to fill positions even if it’s on a temporary basis. They will need to seek out and discover the needs of their very best assets. Their employees. Recommendations Infosys is known for its recruitment opportunities of college graduates and competitive internships. Infosys should focus on providing opportunities to interns that will benefit from hands on experience instead of hiring individuals that will most likely be laid off due to cutbacks or not enough work to go around. If the need to recruit for a regular candidate then there needs to be a method to follow when recruiting which gives specifics on what is being sought after in a potential employee and not take a â€Å"cookie cutter† approach. Conclusion Infosys would need to develop employee relations programs and create ways to make sure the employees are happy, productive, and will be engaging. The company should revisit their objectives and goals both long term and short term and develop a solid business on completing those tasks.

The Pestel Framework Categorizes Environmental Influences Commerce Essay

The Pestel Framework Categorizes Environmental Influences Commerce Essay The PESTEL framework categorizes environmental influences into six main forms: political, economic, social technological environmental and legal. Where by the politics highlight the role of government; economic refers to macroeconomic factor such as exchange rates, and discrepancy economic growth rates around the world; social influences include changing culture and demographics; technological such as internet; environmental issues such as pollution and waste; and finally legal embraces legislative constraints. The Western European brewing industry is highly penetrated; The PESTEL framework can be used to help identify the key forces that are driving the change in the market. Political Factors might be the dynamic operation of European government against drunken driving, binge drinking, and consequently long term health and fitness problems. These campaigns have the potential to push for law changes surrounding what alcohol can be bought in restaurants, pubs, bars and retail outlets. Decrease in the consumption of beer in Europe as many traditional key markets have increased awareness of the social problems associated with alcohol drinking. Economic Economic recession in 2009 has also lead to an effect on beer sales mainly in the United Kingdom where an estimate of 50 pubs closed per week due to downturn. Beer consumption per capita varies broadly among countries, for example being four times higher in Germany than in Italy. Example in table 1 comparing year 1980 to 2000 the consumption of beer has increased from 3534000 hectoliters to 6453000 hectoliters which is approximately 82.60%. Social Lifestyle in emerging market has changed due to the increase in the availability of disposable income, leading to an increase in beer consumption. The new trends like wines, non alcoholic beers, extra cold lagers and fruit flavored beers will adversely affect the consumption of beers. Education and health; there is an increasing awareness of the effect of alcohol on health and fitness. Particularly in the United Kingdom there is increasing hostility to so called binge drinking excessive alcohol consumption in pubs and clubs. Technological Rate of technological change; as seen in the Anheuser Busch InBev (Belgium) company that efficient advantages will come from more central management of purchasing, together with media and IT from the optimization of its hereditary network of breweries and from the distribution of finest practices across sites internationally. Innovation of new products; the case witnesses that the introduction of higher priced premium products such as non alcoholic beers, extra cold lagers or fruit flavored beers has led to increase in sales. Environmental Pollution; population are getting more and more alert of the environment and it is essential that the companies do everything to avoid environmental pollution. It is important that the environmental load through the brewing development is as low as possible. Waste and recycling; reusability and recycling is significant, the brewing industry for instance treats their effluents so that they can use it again for irrigation. Through this they save power and lessen sludge disposal. Legal International law; when comparing Europe with the United States we have witnessed that in America it is prohibited to drink in public places comparing to Europe where one can drink alcohol wherever they want. This could lead to new laws that restrict drinking in the public places. Acquisition, licensing and strategic alliance have all take place as an important brewers conflict to control the market. For example in 2004, Belgian brewery Interbrew merged with Am Bev, the Brazilian brewer group to create the largest brewer in the world. A five forces analysis The five forces study was originally developed by Michael Porter in 1990, as a way of assessing the attractiveness of different industries or sectors in terms of competitive forces. The five forces constitute an industrys structure, although initially developed with businesses in mind the industry structure analysis with the five forces framework is of value to most of the organizations. As well as assessing the attractiveness of the brewing industry the five forces can assist set an agenda for action on the range of areas that they identify. The five forces are: Threat of new entrants Threat of substitutes Bargaining power of buyers Bargaining power of suppliers Competitive rivalry POTENTIAL ENTRANTS COMPETITIVE RIVALRY Threat of entry Threat of substitutes Bargaining power Bargaining power SUPPLIERS BUYERS SUBSTITUTES FIG 1 THE FIVE FORCES FRAMEWORK Threat of substitutes The threat of substitute is high because there is an availability of wine, fruit flavored beer and also extra cold lagers. From table 1 and 2 in the case study we can witness the negative effect of the substitute on beer; taking an example of Denmark table 1 shows a decline in the beer consumption and in table 2 shows increase in the importation of exotic beers from overseas. Threat of new entrants Threat of entry depends on the degree and height of barriers to entry; barriers of entry are factors that need to be defeated by new entrants if they are to battle effectively. According to the case the threat of new entrants is very low because the industry is highly penetrated and mergers taking place, also there are global pressures for consolidation which sustain their competitive position in the industry. There are very few big brewery companies which makes them dominate the market, so for a new entrant would be hard to have that financial effort. Bargaining power of buyers Customers of course are necessary for the survival of any business, but sometimes consumers can have such high bargaining power that their suppliers barely make any profits. The bargaining authority is high due to the supervision campaign strongly against drunken driving, and binge drinking which has led to an increase in off trade (retail) than on trade (beer consumption in pubs or restaurant). The off trade is increasingly more conquered by big supermarket chains such as Tesco and Carrefour which gives them the bargaining power. Bargaining power of suppliers Suppliers are those who supply the organization with what it needs to produce the product or service. The main purchasing costs are wrapping, raw material such as barley and power. The case shows that the bargaining power of supplier in packaging is high due to the availability of only three can makers and shifting cost from one can maker to the other could be high either in terms of money or even technology. Competitive rivalry Competitive rivalry is are businesses with same products and services aimed at the same customer group. The competitive rivalry in the brewing industry is very high because almost all companies have the same product/ product differentiation is low, high rate of acquisitions, alliances and strategic alliance and also consolidation due to over capacity within the industry. Conclusion With regard to the PESTEL analysis and the Porters five forces analysis I conclude that in order to sustain the competitive position and market share in the brewing industry, one should acquire, license or strategic alliance with an existing company could be small, medium or already a large company. Question 2 Anheuser-Busch InBev [Belgium] A-B InBev is the largest brewer in the world; it achieved this position when InBev acquired the leading American brewer Anheuser Busch for 52bn. The company now has nearly 300 brands and approximate 50% share of the US market and owns 50% of Mexicos leading brewers. The company is frank about the approach to renovate itself from the biggest brewing company to the best. STRENGTH WEAKNESS Largest brewer in the world Inherited network of breweries Strong financial power The merger of Belgian Interbrew and Brazilian Am Bev in 2004 The companys strategy to transform itself from the biggest to the best by: Building strong global brands Increase competence through more central management of purchasing including median and IT. Greene King [United Kingdom] Greene King is now the largest domestic British brewer, which was established in 1799. It has expanded through a series of acquisition including Ruddles [1995], Morland [1999] and Hardys and Hansons [2006]. STRENGTH WEAKNESS Brew high quality beer from an efficient single site. Medium size brewing company Focused brand portfolio which is minimizing the complexity and cost of a multi brand strategy. Less financial power 2000 pubs across the UK with a particular dominant position in its home region of East Anglia. Expansion through acquisition, which led to critics calling the company greedy king. Tsingtao [China] Tsingtao brewery was found in 1903 by German settlers in China, after state ownership under communism Tsingtao was privatized in the early 1990s and listed on the Hong Kong stock exchange in 1993. Tsingtao has 13% market share of its home country, the company has described its ambition thus; to promote the continuous growth of the sales volume and income to step forward the target of becoming an international great company. STRENGTH WEAKNESS It is the Chinese brand leader in United States Small brewing company Its now sold in more than 62 countries. Less financial power Almost 50% of exports Home market share is very low {13%} A bottle of Tsingtao appeared in the 1982 science fiction film blade Ronner. REFERENCE AND BIBLIOGRAPHY BIBILIOGRAPHY Fundamentals of strategy (CH 2) By: Gerry Johnson, Kevan Scholes and Richard Whittington Lecture slides (LE 45) REFERENCE www.scribd.com/mobile/doc/74880013?width=360 www.studymode.com www.writemypapers.org Question1 Strategic capabilities refer to the adequacy and suitability of the resources and competences of an organization for it to survive and prosper. The framework used to analyze the strategic capabilities is the VRIO framework; the acronym stands for four questions that need answering to determine the competitive potential of an organizations resources or capabilities: the question of Value, Rarity, Inimitability [easy/difficult to imitate] and Organization [ability to exploit the resources]. Dysons has value because of being distinctive from the customer; the distinctive factor is built upon the innovative products like bag less vacuum cleaners to energy efficient and time efficient hand dryers for public places to desk fan with no blades. Dysons believes in patent to protect its differentiated but that doesnt mean competitors dont try to imitate, within Dysons vacuums there is patented Ball technology for improved maneuverability. Dysons products are rare because even after the competitors trying to imitate the vacuum cleaners they arent able to make an exact copy of it. Example the Dysons vacuum and Hoover USA; Dysons colors are usually bright and it does launch exclusive editions based on novel colors while Hoover USA wind tunnel vacuums are available in fresh colors. The inimitability in Dysons is very difficult because it believes that the combination of design engineering and manufacturing is crucial in developing the most inimitable competences which could be protected through patents. The business is organized to fully exploit its competitive advantage; like in their UK headquarter access to the building and then subsequent area is via thumb print and even then some areas are out of bounds. They have even developed their own sound absorbing panels to ensure that conversations can be kept serious. Question 2 Competitors, especially in this area could imitate several capabilities of the Dysons company are: Technology and design [color, durability, and packaging]: Dysons follow a superior design result; in order to provide legitimate competition for Dyson, the competitors will have to hire superior engineer designers and also focus much on innovation. Cost efficiency: its possible for competitors to copy the relocation strategy; by moving the manufacturing plant to a cheap labor country like china rather than producing in home country with high cost. By adopting the cost efficient strategy the completion would increase because competitors like Miele and Excel Dryer Corporation will be having a competitive price as Dyson. Product features: Competitors are already trying to imitate these products with the USA wind tunnel vacuums and Mjele swivel head vacuums; however, the patent Dysons has placed on their products prevents other companies from outright stealing their ideas. Question 3 Threshold capabilities are capabilities needed for businesses to meet the basic necessities to compete in a given market. These could be threshold resources required to meet minimum requirements of its customers and threshold competences required to deploy resources so as to meet customers requirements and support particular strategies. The distinctive capabilities which may overtime become a threshold capability are: Engineering design is like an identity of Dysons products and which makes them distinctive in the market. With time engineering design which is currently a distinctive capability could become one of the most necessary capabilities in order to survive in the market. The existence of Dyson in the market is due to the strength of innovative high quality design and engineering of their products which is due to having highly specialized engineers and the updated technology. It is a product engineering that takes centre stage on the company website and generally in all company communication. Low cost manufacturing; currently it gives James Dyson a distinctive capability and a high profit margin but with time as the competition is increasing low manufacturing cost will become a threshold capability in order to survive in the market. Innovation; the company is obvious in its desires to promote the idea that a Dyson product means new, different, and a radical change; a Dyson product whether vacuum or washing machine is an innovation that the bright colors help these clever product stand out from the crowd. It is witnessed in the case that Dyson has been the starting point of the product and then follows the competitors; due to the quality and differentiated factor the consumers are ready to buy Dysons products at a high price. One main factor which is maintaining Dysons primary conceit is the improvement of a design which will clearly be threshold capability overtime. Question 4 With regard to answers to question 1 and 2, Sir James Dyson seems to be very serious with the companys future. The strategic capabilities are maintained strongly and those capabilities which a competitor could imitate are not easily given a chance, the competitor has to really put in effort to try imitating Sir James Dysons products. The effect of completely leaving or selling the company will be much more on the negative side because mainly the customers who value his innovation wont get the innovative products anymore and even if they it do it wont be Sir James Dysons standard. It is witnessed in the case that Though by 2010 the company was run by CEO Martin McCourt, James Dysons own image and personal brand remained central to the firms promotion. Due to that may be the there could be a decline in the customer base which could directly or indirectly affect all parts of the company; finance, sales, marketing and also production. And the decline in production could affect the china market also because it is said that contracts like Dysons help pull china up the manufacturing value chain too towards ever more complex products of the highest quality. REFERENCE AND BIBLIOGRAPHY BIBLIOGRAPHY Fundamentals of strategy (CH 3) By: Gerry Johnson, Kevan Scholes and Richard Whittington Lecture slides (LE 6) REFERNCE www.antiessays.com/free-essays/128170.html www.antiessays.com/free-essays/172844.html www.writemypapers.org www.studymode.com Question 1 John Howie has pursued changes in many parts of Faslane, some of the changes are: Change in management structure; as it is witnessed in the case study that there was a management structure which wasnt right to deliver change. There were seven layers in it and now [2006] its down to a maximum of four layers. In the process of change in the management structure there was also reappointment of jobs. Changing in mindset; it is believed that a big opportunity might come from changing the mindset, to see their job as to deliver with the possible minimum spend. They believing in changing the mindset because the public sector manager whos got wide ranging responsibilities and a fairly large budget has no incentives to reduce cost and dont share any benefits and were brought up in a system where if the budget hadnt spent this year, it would be cut next year. Another change pursued by Faslane was the change in management system from infrastructure focus to naval focus. The commodore in charge saw partnering as an opportunity to better manage the people, but in the management team there were a mix of people who believed and were willing to give partnering or people who were likely to be personally disadvantaged by partnering and were less supportive. Also cost reduction is one the change pursued by Faslane, as it is witnessed in the case that by 2000 the MOD had decided to significantly reduce the cost and improve operational effectiveness of their naval bases. And in 2002 they signed a contract of cost affecting without affecting the service provided to the navy. Question 2 Change can be managed using different styles; clear direction may be vital to motivate a desire or create readiness to change; participation or intervention can help in gaining wider commitment across the organization and develop capabilities to identify blockages to change. The managing styles used in the case of Managing change at Faslane are as follows: Direction or coercion managing style; by definition direction managing style means making use of private managerial authority to establish a clear future strategy and how will the change occur. As it is witnessed in the case that we asked other companies which had been through large scale changes, what we should learn from what you did? And the answer was implementing the management structural changes. The change in the management structure was influenced from other companies which gave Faslane an advantage and  £14 million in the first year against the target of  £3 million. Participation or collaborative managing style; is mainly concerned with the contribution of those who will be affected by the change agenda. As seen in the case where it says that there was a process that required any change to be documented and passed through a series of review points. At each stage of the process people were given 14 days to review it but everybody looked at it on the thirteenth day so a total of 56 days process. By removing those stages people are free from the bureaucratic burden and instead of 56 days they are only given 14 days to review it. Performance scorecard; it is another change brought in by Craig Lockhart it was intended to measure the outputs and let the business system transparent. Everyone down to team leaders had become acutely aware that business performance is not something to be hidden, however it mainly didnt aim at measurement but also the business plan had been top-down. Question 3 Levers for managing change need to be considered in terms of the type of change and context of change. Such levers include changing operational processes and routines, the importance of political processes and other change tactics. The levers of changes used and others which could be used are: Changing operational process and routines; strategies are always delivered through day to day processes and routines of the operations of the organization. There is therefore a need for planning operational change: the identification of key changes in the routines of the organization. In effect strategic change needs to be considered in terms of the re-engineering of organizational process. This lever of change is used in the case and witnessed where it explains an example of the process that required any change to be documented; now that 56 days process is 6 days, a simple example of process of re engineering. Power and political processes; there is a need to consider the management of strategic change within this political context and also the stakeholder relationships in and around the organization. As seen in the case firstly it is important to understand who you need to have as allies such as the naval base commander. Above that the wider stakeholders like the commanding officers of the ships and submarines, security and also the local community are to be looked at. Question 4 The change brought in by Craig Lockhart and John Howie has been very much effective in terms of savings, service. Their target was achieved over 20% reduction in annual running costs, by the end of year 10 they are expecting a saving of  £280 million which is 38.2%. The navys view was that the service they received was better; the attitude, communication and responsiveness towards the navy were also better. So by making a few changes they brought about cost reduction and service improvement. The changes made in the management structure [from seven layers to four layers] have made them reappoint all the jobs, and the implementation has positively affected the cost by a saving of  £4milion in the first year against a target of  £3 million. Faslanes change in the measuring of outputs through performance scorecard has made the business system transparent. Everyone down to team leaders has become acutely aware that business performance is not something to be hidden. The changes led Craig to announce that in April 2010 Faslane would become the home base, not just for nuclear submarines but for the whole UK submarine fleet. This change is expected to create more jobs and the expansion of Faslane which will fulfill the need of the unemployed; the ways used to work together and bring about effective change within Faslane worked luminously. REFERENCE AND BIBLIOGRAPHY BIBLIOGRAPHY Fundamentals of strategy (CH 10) By: Gerry Johnson, Kevan Scholes and Richard Whittington Lecture slides (LE 12) REFERNCE www.writemypapers.org REFERENCES AND BIBLIOGRABY BIBLIOGRAPHY Fundamentals of strategy (CH 2,3 10) By: Gerry Johnson, Kevan Scholes and Richard Whittington Lecture slides (LE 4,5,6 12)

Our Practitioner Article :: Essays Papers

Our Practitioner Article There is always some bandwagon that education seems to jump onto. Unfortunately, sometimes when the majority is in support of the same system, there is a loss of objectivity. They are unable to see both the good and the bad because they are anxious to have developed the "perfect" system. You don’t have to be an educator, but simply a citizen who reads the newspaper or watches the news, to realize that the newest bandwagon is high-stakes testing. In fact those who are parents or have some involvement in a child’s life are most likely seeing the change occurring in the school they are involved with. Some people may argue that testing has always been done. So what is different now? The difference is that now testing (in the form of "high-stakes" testing) is leaving dangerous aftereffects. The end result that may come leaves one even more wary. So, what exactly is high-stakes testing? Is there an exact definition? Personally we believe that one may describe what high-stakes testing is. But, it is more important and more effective to emphasize the unfair strategies high-stakes testing utilizes as well as the disturbing effects it is causing. High-stakes testing is an assessment of students, which carries serious consequences for students or educators. If the student passes, they proceed. If they do not pass, they must repeat the level they are currently at. Why do some people think high-stakes testing is the answer? What are the effects of high-stakes testing? Are there alternatives to high-stakes testing? Fortunately, these are some of the questions we have addressed in this article. High-stakes testing has been implemented in order to "raise the bar for all students and add accountability for academic performance" (Tennessee Department of Education). Many states implement the tests so that they can gather information about student achievement over time. Policy makers have good intentions in that they believe that these tests will improve education. The major goal and hope is that setting high standards of achievement will inspire greater effort on the part of students, teachers, and educational administrators (AERA position statement). As stated previously, many policy makers have good intentions when they implement high-stakes testing. We are not pointing fingers at who is bad and who is good. We are simply pointing out the fact that perhaps the policy makers and society as a whole need to reevaluate what we want from our education system.

beyond beef :: essays research papers

Jeremy Rifkin’s book, Beyond Beef, is an indictment against the cattle culture that has come to shape our world. America’s obsession with beef has led to increased hunger, disease and environmental destruction. Rifkin, without a doubt, is anti beef and with painstaking verisimilitude attempts to shed light on the horrific conditions which are brought about by the entire industry. Furthermore, his book is somewhat of a continuity of Upton Sinclair’s novel The Jungle, the first attempt made at exposing the exploitations of the meat slaughtering industry. Ironically and rather unfortunately, the present situation is that while the poor nations of the world are starving their own populations to produce and export beef, the rich, who are able to afford beef, are dying from diseases. Rifkin has several chapters dedicated to the host of illnesses those beef eating individuals are susceptible to. The titles include, â€Å"Sacrifice to Slaughter,† "Cows Devour People, â€Å"and "Marbled Specks of Death." One point he makes is that because of the widespread use of antibiotics among the cattle industry, the â€Å"human population is increasingly vulnerable to mor virulent strains of disease-causing bacteria† (12). Rifkin further attests that beef, but ranks second as the food posing the greatest cancer risk. The reason is simple: beef is the most dangerous food for herbicide contamination and ranks third in insecticide contamination. Eighty percent of all herbicides in the United States are sprayed on corn a nd soybeans which are used primarily as feed for cattle and other livestock. When consumed by the animals, the pesticides accumulate in their bodies. The pesticides are then passed along to the consumer in the finished cuts of beef. Large feedlots have other sources of potential chemical contamination in beef including use of â€Å"industrial sewage and oils in feedlot mixtures and aerial spraying of insecticides on feedlot cattle† (13). Furthermore, Rifkin indicts the human civilization and sheds light into the barbarous actions of men in the early development of the cattle culture. One of the most effective is in the chapter, "The Great Bovine Switch," an expose of the atrocities committed by the United States Army and cattlemen. Rifkin states that the cattle culture was responsible for the demise of many Indians, When we get rid of all the Indians and buffalo, the cattle... Will fill this country...These men [the buffalo hunters] have done...more to settle the vexed Indian question than the entire regular army has done in the last thirty years.

Essay --

Kashif Basaria Ms. Weaver English 2 Honors 7 January, 2014 Preventing Medical Malpractice It is unfortunate to say that medical malpractice is one of the leading causes of death in the United States. Medical malpractice is defined as negligence committed by a medical professional. Malpractice lawsuits have existed in the United States for more than 150 years, most of which were never pursued in court. Medical malpractice is interfering with patients’ rights as well as demanding high costs. However, medical malpractice can be overcome by managing the costs involved, and by regulating, enforcing and advocating patient rights. The most common medical malpractice claims are mainly from missed diagnoses. Their common result was, unfortunately, death, found in fifteen percent and forty eight percent of the cases filed. Most common cases involving missed diagnoses for adults were cancer and heart attacks (Jaslow). Other cases that were common were ectopic pregnancies, appendicitis, and fractures of the bone. Most missed diagnoses involving children were cancers, and meningitis (Jaslow). On account to this, Doctor Richard E. Anderson, chairman and CEO of the physician-operated medical malpractice insurer, The Doctors Company, says, â€Å"nobody benefits but lawyers†¦But the second message is [that] medical care is too expensive, we’re ordering too many tests† (Jaslow). Stated from the quote above, â€Å"too many tests† appear to be unnecessary and unwanted tests. Apart from this, some cases regarded the patient’s lack of attention to their disease or disorder. Not only is it the doctor’s responsibility to look after the patient, but it is also the patient’s responsibility to be attentive and persistent about their health and the health care provide... ... a health problem, incorrect supervision of medication to a patient, faulty or sub-standard performance of a diagnosis, surgery, or any other type of procedure, inadequate use of medical tools and instruments and devices and their lack of maintenance, and negligence towards patient records, test results, or any other kind of documentation (Goguen). Although, the list of problems and causes of medical malpractice seems rather endless and long, it can be cut short. Some ways to prevent and avoid malpractice or medical error is to be aware and involved. A doctor can take note of their patient and their medical history. A patient can be aware of their surroundings and the treatment that they are receiving. A patient’s safety should be a doctor’s primary concern, because it is their responsibility to tend to patients needs and to assist them to a proper nourished life.

Clothing and Zara

Customer-Based Brand Equity (CBBE) (Keller, 2008) Salience Zara is a well-known and ranked number one clothing brand in Spain, and it is the brand chain store of the Inditex Group owned which ranked number three in the world (INDITEX Group, 2012). Zara used fast fashion model – limited and variety. Zara resist a trend within the worldwide industrial- product manufacturing in low-cost area. That prove its product has a certain quality. Related to fast fashion, Zara has asserted that it only needs 2 weeks time to design and develop a new product on store shelves.Moreover, the main work like design, production and delivery are proceeding in Spain and via it business model system, Zara can directly know which type of the goods are popular and almost sold out in a short period of time, and the types of the undesirable goods. It can easily to know the buying behaviors of the customers and can control the amount of the product. E. g. colorful cloths are desirable and almost sold out, the designer/factory can use this information to design/produce more types of colorful cloths via the system.Or the colorful cloths are undesirable then the designer/factory may stop to design/produce the similar cloths directly. It lead Zara’s product are low cost, low storage, low price, fast design, variety types and more flexible. Performance Refer to resist product manufacturing in low-cost area that the products of Zara must have a certain quality. Although there have many similar competitors such as H&M, Forever 21, etc in the market. Zara insist the mass production processes retain in Spain and Europe (Figure. ) rather than in Asia area, it proves the product is reliability, durability and serviceability. Zara is not easy replace by the competitors due to produce in Europe which is more durable than produce in Asia country (Figure. 3). In addition, related to fast fashion, the design is creative, especially and diversified. The price is valuable as a result of the ch ange of the design is faster and variety as well as limited amount, the chance of the customers buys or wears same clothe are declined. Figure. 2- a tag of Zara’s cloths show Figure. – a tag of H&M’s cloths show â€Å"Make in Morocco† â€Å"make in China† Imagery Zara is a fashionable and particular brand of fashion family clothing, which composes with the design and the retail of fashionable clothes for kids, men, young girl and women (Zara, 2012). The target consumer is young people with higher income and high education level, mainly 20-35 year-old customer, they have higher awareness in fashion and have spending ability, but lack the ability on buying a product of high-class luxury brand.Zara provide inexpensive products frequently to meet this population’s needs. It has four product lines, kids for children; Men for boy and men; Trf for lady and girls; women for middle class women and office lady. Also, customers would regular to search the new products in the store to ensure they can buy the favorable products themselves due to fast fashion model. Judgment Refer to the fast fashion, Zara rarely promote discount strategy. It only has 1-2 time of regular on sales.Also, the products are limited and variety, if the consumers who haven’t buy the products at the first time, a risk of they can not buy afterward will exist. Therefore, the consumer will buy quickly when they unable to wait until the end of the season or the regular on sales. That is utilizing the mentality of consumers, it lead the goods of the company almost sold out within a short period of time, only a small quantity of unpopular products remain at the end of the season or the regular on sales.Feelings Zara is a middle class level fashion brand, the target consumer is young people with higher income and high education level, and they have higher awareness in fashion and have spending ability, but lack the ability on buying a product of high-class luxury brand Zara provide cheap products frequently to meet the needs of this population. Also, Zara’s customers have owned self-respect and social approval, because of the street style are popular in the western, many well-known international odels and stars are becomes the customers of Zara, even Michelle Obama (the wife of the President of the United States) ((Figure. 4) and Kate Middleton ( the Princess of British) (Figure. 5)are buying Zara’s clothing. Figure. 4- Michelle Obama wears Figure. 5- Kate Middleton wears Zara’s cloths Zara’s cloths Resonance The impression of Zara is fast fashion. It supplies a limited amount of a variety of clothing, it lead a concept â€Å"When a thing is scarce, it is precious. † Also, it makes fashionable be the sense of community.Zara advocates the design of the products can satisfy the targeting customer’s needs and demands. It lead customers always buy luxury fashion style clothing via an affordable p rice. According to below (Figure. 6) and (Figure. 7) are related the profit of Zara in 2011 and 2010. It shows that the profit in 2011 is more the 2010. And (Figure. 8), it show the profit is continuously increase from 2006 to 2010. All figures mean the profit increase included new buy and re-buy. Zara has built a relationship with the customers and they would regular to search the new products in the store. Clothing and Zara Customer-Based Brand Equity (CBBE) (Keller, 2008) Salience Zara is a well-known and ranked number one clothing brand in Spain, and it is the brand chain store of the Inditex Group owned which ranked number three in the world (INDITEX Group, 2012). Zara used fast fashion model – limited and variety. Zara resist a trend within the worldwide industrial- product manufacturing in low-cost area. That prove its product has a certain quality. Related to fast fashion, Zara has asserted that it only needs 2 weeks time to design and develop a new product on store shelves.Moreover, the main work like design, production and delivery are proceeding in Spain and via it business model system, Zara can directly know which type of the goods are popular and almost sold out in a short period of time, and the types of the undesirable goods. It can easily to know the buying behaviors of the customers and can control the amount of the product. E. g. colorful cloths are desirable and almost sold out, the designer/factory can use this information to design/produce more types of colorful cloths via the system.Or the colorful cloths are undesirable then the designer/factory may stop to design/produce the similar cloths directly. It lead Zara’s product are low cost, low storage, low price, fast design, variety types and more flexible. Performance Refer to resist product manufacturing in low-cost area that the products of Zara must have a certain quality. Although there have many similar competitors such as H&M, Forever 21, etc in the market. Zara insist the mass production processes retain in Spain and Europe (Figure. ) rather than in Asia area, it proves the product is reliability, durability and serviceability. Zara is not easy replace by the competitors due to produce in Europe which is more durable than produce in Asia country (Figure. 3). In addition, related to fast fashion, the design is creative, especially and diversified. The price is valuable as a result of the ch ange of the design is faster and variety as well as limited amount, the chance of the customers buys or wears same clothe are declined. Figure. 2- a tag of Zara’s cloths show Figure. – a tag of H&M’s cloths show â€Å"Make in Morocco† â€Å"make in China† Imagery Zara is a fashionable and particular brand of fashion family clothing, which composes with the design and the retail of fashionable clothes for kids, men, young girl and women (Zara, 2012). The target consumer is young people with higher income and high education level, mainly 20-35 year-old customer, they have higher awareness in fashion and have spending ability, but lack the ability on buying a product of high-class luxury brand.Zara provide inexpensive products frequently to meet this population’s needs. It has four product lines, kids for children; Men for boy and men; Trf for lady and girls; women for middle class women and office lady. Also, customers would regular to search the new products in the store to ensure they can buy the favorable products themselves due to fast fashion model. Judgment Refer to the fast fashion, Zara rarely promote discount strategy. It only has 1-2 time of regular on sales.Also, the products are limited and variety, if the consumers who haven’t buy the products at the first time, a risk of they can not buy afterward will exist. Therefore, the consumer will buy quickly when they unable to wait until the end of the season or the regular on sales. That is utilizing the mentality of consumers, it lead the goods of the company almost sold out within a short period of time, only a small quantity of unpopular products remain at the end of the season or the regular on sales.Feelings Zara is a middle class level fashion brand, the target consumer is young people with higher income and high education level, and they have higher awareness in fashion and have spending ability, but lack the ability on buying a product of high-class luxury brand Zara provide cheap products frequently to meet the needs of this population. Also, Zara’s customers have owned self-respect and social approval, because of the street style are popular in the western, many well-known international odels and stars are becomes the customers of Zara, even Michelle Obama (the wife of the President of the United States) ((Figure. 4) and Kate Middleton ( the Princess of British) (Figure. 5)are buying Zara’s clothing. Figure. 4- Michelle Obama wears Figure. 5- Kate Middleton wears Zara’s cloths Zara’s cloths Resonance The impression of Zara is fast fashion. It supplies a limited amount of a variety of clothing, it lead a concept â€Å"When a thing is scarce, it is precious. † Also, it makes fashionable be the sense of community.Zara advocates the design of the products can satisfy the targeting customer’s needs and demands. It lead customers always buy luxury fashion style clothing via an affordable p rice. According to below (Figure. 6) and (Figure. 7) are related the profit of Zara in 2011 and 2010. It shows that the profit in 2011 is more the 2010. And (Figure. 8), it show the profit is continuously increase from 2006 to 2010. All figures mean the profit increase included new buy and re-buy. Zara has built a relationship with the customers and they would regular to search the new products in the store.

Machinery Of The Fume Scrubber Engineering Essay

The geographic expedition in this undertaking evolves about the designing of the components in the machinery of the FUME SCRUBBER in the present twenty-four hours universe. Furthermore, the principal characteristics besides include significance of fume scrubber and its applications in the modern epoch. At the same minute is besides reveals about the facts of distinct parts of the machine and the operation of the machine. Following, it besides explores the design computations in order for the successful completion of the undertaking. It besides does include information about the basic survey of the Fume Scrubber that how it is created. The research besides reveals about the distinguishable types of smoke scrubbers available in today ‘s period. Consequently, it besides comprises of the CAD Model of the needed Fume Scrubber via utilizing PRO-E. In add-on, the theoretical account was re-done in order to obtain the Computation Fluid Dynamic Analysis for the flow of fluids inside the Fume Scrubber. As a consequence, of the applications, as elaborated in the undermentioned study the FINITE ELEMENT ANALYSIS has besides been justified. Therefore, the undertaking FUME SCRUBBER is illustrated in this study with the easiness of CAD Model. Introduction In the modern universe today, promotion in engineering via industries is at its highs. This sweetening of universe has its ain advantages and disadvantages. The advantages consider the amenitiess of the world and the possible disadvantage is menace to conventional environment conditions. Therefore, the endurance of world is influenced by the environment and hence, protection of the environment is of extreme importance in today ‘s epoch. As a effect, FUME SCRUBBER has been introduced to protect the nature from the harmful milieus created due to human activities ( e.g. mineral extraction, metal processing etc ) Mounting pollution of the environment from industries has anticipated to the speedy augment in environmental wellness and authorities ordinances, the milieus are really parlous for the species on Earth to digest, hence to heighten the environmental conditions the subsequent smoke scrubber were utilised. Scrubbers are intended to proficiently extravagancy and extinguish toxic exhausts from the concern bring forthing toxic gases which bring about decrease in ozone bed and green-house consequence. Scrubbers are miniature in volume and can be positioned where appropriate. Making usage of a typical tubing surrounded by a tubing propose, it has been built from plastic acid and base immune stuff that permits it denominate expeditiously indulged and extinguish up to 95 % of fumes gases. The specifications of the fume scrubber discussed in this study comprise of: – Large figure of holes for spraying the liquid 289cm tallness of the scrubber 143litres/min scouring liquid flow 5.08cm tubing OD Scrubbers are significantly utilized in industrial furnaces, hotel, chemicals procedure works, fabric Millss, boilers, metalworks and cement workss. In add-on, they are operated in air pollution monitoring equipments, allied industries and vacuity wadding. Scrubbers have apparent advantages which consist of: – Low force per unit area depletion and least energy necessity Easy flexibleness and high turn down Maintenance free and noiseless operation No adult male power required Therefore, the undermentioned study would find the operations of the fume scrubber, ways of bettering its design in an effectual method and depicts the efficient disposal of the undertaking. The study will show the design process followed in planing the FUME SCRUBBER and it will demo the consequences of CFD analysis and FEA analysis every bit good as discoursing ways of bettering the public presentation. Besides, its constituents aid in adept apprehension of the operation and applications of the fume scrubber. Therefore, the undermentioned study makes possible in emerging out the successful completion of the marks.Aims/objectivesThe main purpose of the undertaking ( FUME SRUBBER ) is to plan the constituents that exist in the machinery of Fume Scrubber. In add-on, analyzing the importance of Fume Scrubber and its applications in the existent universe are besides the chief characteristics of the undertaking. The undertaking design can be achieved via design computations which can fart her be accomplished after the research about the machinery is carried out. Therefore, the research work involves the survey of distinct parts of the machine and the operation of the machinery. Consequently, the design computation leads to the preparation of the needed CAD theoretical account of the machine. Furthermore, enhanced analysis is carried out via executing the Finite Element Analysis of the system as the effects of lading are studied on the components of the setup. As a concluding point, the Computational Fluid Dynamics is besides involved to analyze the consequence of air flow in the Fume Scrubber. Last, the applications of the fume scrubber are to be elaborate via explicating the advantages of FUME SCRUBBERS in the industry.Design and Application of Fume ScrubberThere are assorted types of designs available in the industry for different applications. The primary aim of the fume scrubber is to undertake the caustic exhausts, moist gases and air flows with dust nowadays in an industrial environment. There are three chief types of designs that have been developed in order to undertake the issue of remotion of contaminated air by purification procedure utilizing the appropriate fume scrubber. These are as listed below: Impingement Plate Scrubbers Packed bed Scrubbers Venturi Scrubbers Impingement Plate scrubbers are the scrubbers in which gas is passed vertically through all right perforations in a home base and is collided on marks and contacted with H2O or any other liquid fluxing horizontally across the home base. Pressure bead is one of the premier factors that determine the pick of scrubber. The figure and types of phases in home base scrubbers are specially designed to the conditions ; nevertheless these can be modified depending on alteration in the conditions or demands. Packed bed scrubbers are designed in such a manner that flow of gas rises, counter current to the flow of the scouring liquid through a jammed tower type construction, in which the taint or purification procedure takes topographic point. These types of scrubbers are besides designed in a horizontal alliance. The horizontal designed is used where multiple phase scouring is required or besides used in countries with less ceiling tallness. Venturi Scrubbers consists of an external venture subdivision which is designed to increase the speed of the incoming air before the air is combined with the scouring liquid and centrifuge where the remotion of contaminations take topographic point and hence sublimating the air. This type of scrubber is applied in procedures where condensation of liquid is present or metallic bluess are present or in the presence of chemical reaction which subsequently consequences in production of toxic exhausts for illustration ammonium chloride. Particle aggregation chiefly takes topographic point due to impaction as the fumes gas which is exhausted from the procedure and base on ballss through spray. The turbulency happening due to this causes the atoms to come in contact with the wet droplets and hence get collected. The efficiency of aggregation of atom additions with the nozzle force per unit area increasing which gives rise to an addition in liquid to gas ratio. This will besides ensue in an addition in force per unit area bead, which once more causes a rise to coerce bead. This type of scouring system has some restrictions every bit good such as care job. Venturi scrubbers are subjected scratch job in the high-speed countries such as the recess and mercantile establishment.3.1 Advantages and Disadvantages of ScrubberIn order to compare the scrubber in footings of working phenomena, the device is usually compared and evaluated with fabric filters and Electrostatic precipitators. The advantages of the scrubber over this device are as listed in the tabular array on the following page:AdvantageDisadvantagesCan work at high temperatures, high humidness Gas StreamsProne to corrosionMinimal exposure to fire and explosive jeopardiesRequires High PowerCan roll up both gases and particulate affairWater disposal jobsNo Secondary dust beginningDifficult merchandise recovery.Requires minimal infinite compared to other control devicesVertical clip demands height clearanceTable Advantages and Disadvantages of Fume Scrubber3.2 Construction MaterialsAs corrosion is one of the major job that could impact the systems behavior, the building of the scrubber is done chiefly in many different stuffs runing from Fibre reinforced plastic, PVC, CPVC, Polypropylene, Polyethylene, Mild steel, Stainless Steel, FRP-lined mild steel, nickel metals and aluminum. The building stuff choice procedure is based on the demands and design footing provided by the client.3.3 Suitable ApplicationsScrubbers can put to death the riddance of acidic, alkalic, soluble organic gasses, bluess, and odours get downing a gas watercourse. The jammed bed engineering scouring comprises the widest array of vapor and gas scouring maps. When fabrication of smoke scrubbers, it permit to choose the finest stuffs of production, in add-on to choose the finest wadding for the intent. Fume scrubber designed for the subsequent intents: Metal Pickling Lines Chemical Cleaning/Milling Lines Acid Etching Lines Acid /Chemical Bulk Storage Solvent Bulk Storage Metal Finishing Lines Metal Plating Lines Chemical Mixing Operations Chemical Processing Equipment Food Processing Pharmaceutical Blending Pharmaceutical Production3.4 EfficiencyScrubbers include a acute measure of vigorous surface country with arbitrary dumped packing. The packing stuff elected is sourced on the maps ; attesting that it rupture the liquid watercourse into legion, smooth surface movies that generate in-depth gas/liquid familiarity at a low force per unit area diminution. In the class of procedure, gas watercourses rises by agencies of a jammed bed although scouring liquid class down ( by gravitation ) over the packing stuff. The counter-flow lineations standard beliefs most favorable mass transportation.3.5 Benefits of Fume Scrubbers:Very Small Footprint Ease of Installation Variable Packing Height Local or Remote Blower Local or remote control panel Multiple Phases Height & A ; Width FlexibilitySignificance of fume scrubberIt is an air pollution control device that utilizes an inordinate energy liquid spray in order to eliminate aerosol and gaseous pollutants get downing an air watercourse. However, the gases are removed in two ways which are: – By soaking up Chemical reaction Gass are discharge from the burning procedure is conceded by agencies of armored combat vehicle enveloping a lime substance acknowledged as limestone slurry which can restrict and antagonize the S dioxide. Engineers concept and saddle horse high competency, depleted continuance smoke exhaust systems proposed to extinguish H2O soluble contaminations through gas soaking up and mechanical encroachment. These units can be standard-sized or usage built with the purpose of correspond to infinite and height boundaries or outline disposition. Appropriate smokes control setup in add-on necessitates the appropriate mechanism and system incorporation to be the chiefly efficient. In add-on to it, declaration to fume and wash up jobs by agencies of: Entire system design and integrating Automated pH control Performance information for air licenses Professional installing by experient applied scientists Extensive experience in system design Choice of proper stuffs of building Utilize high public presentation Lamtec wadding Flexibility in taking constituents for best public presentation Fume Scrubbers propose: Translating elements in gas watercourse into more effectual substances Geting rid of atoms from gas watercourses A choice of sizes, with the criterion sizes being: 24 † , 30 † , 36 † , 48 † and 60 † diameter scrubbers. Fabrication of both perpendicular and horizontal scrubbers harmonizing to your demands. Materials of creative activity utilised fluctuate depending on the chemical and procedure environments necessitated Fume scrubbers assembled are individually fabricated to extinguish mist, entrained liquid atoms, noxious caustic gases and bluess from the exhaust air watercourse. A jammed bed utilizing Lintec wadding is the bosom of the scrubber. Pollutant gases can normally be eliminated to any needed soaking up to convene confined air pollution ordinances. The pollutants are eliminated by agencies of the followers: Gas Absorption – toxic or otherwise unwanted gasses are captivated into the liquid section. Impingement – Particulate affair is eliminated by agencies of encroachment in the map of it is foremost forced by agencies of a moist packed bed and so by agencies of a stripe blade or mesh tablet filters subdivision.Equations used in fume scouring:The gases normally scrubbed include HCl produced from metal pickling. This is removed by a neutralization reaction with sodium hydrated oxide. The reaction is shown below: Another common smoke gas is azotic oxide every bit good as other N oxides. These will usually respond with the O in the air and the H2O vapor to organize azotic acid. Since it is acidic, azotic acid can be scrubbed by utilizing base. Nitrogen oxides tend to be produced from burning reactions. The reaction for this is: The merchandises of the scouring are so dissolved in the H2O and taken off from the air. Another common pollutant is sulphur dioxide. This is a gas that is produced by assorted industrial procedures such as doing semiconducting materials, batteries, and burning of sulfur incorporating fossil fuels. This gas, like N oxides, dissolves in H2O to organize sulfuric acid which is scrubbed with the usage of base. The undermentioned chemical reactions are known to take topographic point. A closely related pollutant is hydrogen sulphide gas. This is treated in a similar manner to sulfur dioxide. The chemical reactions speaking topographic point in the fume scrubber are: The salt merchandise of the reaction is taken off with the H2O therefore liberating the air from the H sulfide gas. One common gas is carbon dioxide gas. This is produced chiefly by burning and when heating carbonates. It is responsible for planetary heating and can be removed by change overing it into a carbonate that can be dissolved off from the air by the H2O. The chemical used is sodium hydrated oxide and the merchandise of the reaction is baking sodium carbonate, Na carbonate. The reaction is: Unburned hydrocarbons are besides an issue. These are dealt with by oxidizing them utilizing hydrogen peroxide or carboxylic acids. The merchandises are carbon dioxide and H2O. These can be farther scrubbed to bring forth carbonates to acquire rid of the C dioxide. The equations are: AndType of scrubberWet scrubberA development of pollution manipulates engineering. The chief principal of operation of the moisture fume scrubber is the usage of liquids in wetting the air fluxing indoors. The contaminations will fade out into the liquid thereby traveling from the gas stage to the liquid stage. The air that leaves the scrubber is well cleaner than that air which entered it. The wet fume scrubber is able to command the flow of many pollutants including acids and the acidic gases e.g. HCl, SO2 etc that are produced from the assorted industrial procedures when handling metals. Wet scrubber is operated to scour assorted pollutants for case air and dust atoms. The operation of wet scouring involves contact of particulate affair along with the scouring solution for case H2O, complex solutions of reagents that peculiarly aim for house compounds. In add-on to this, the efficiency of the fume scrubber must be high to take all or bulk of the pollutants. In order for this to be achieved, the following techniques could be implemented: Increasing abode clip in the scrubber Increasing the surface country of the scrubber ‘s solution utilizing spray nose, packed towers. Bettering the soaking up of contaminations by taking an appropriate liquid There are two chief types of moisture smoke scrubbers. The first 1 is the venture nozzle type and the 2nd 1 is the jammed bed fume scrubber. An illustration of a wet fume scrubber is shown in figure 1 below. Mention: – Wang, Lawrence K, Pereira, Norman L & A ; Hung, Yung TSE. ( 2004 ) Air Pollution Control Engineering ( Volume1 ) : Wet Scrubber. USA: Human Press IncFigure 1, an illustration of a wet fume scrubber [ 1 ]The venture type moisture fume scrubber uses a individual nose to spray the liquid at really high force per unit area into the reaction chamber. The high force per unit area flow is aimed at the bottleneck of the chamber which is the venture subdivision. An of import and desirable effect of this manner of operation is that the venture wet fume scrubber does non necessitate the usage of a fan or a blower to travel and go around the air in the system as the force per unit area distribution creates the forces necessary for this to go on. Because of this, the venture type moisture fume scrubber is besides called ouster venture scrubber. Another of import facet of the operation is that this type of wet fume scrubber can non straight take contaminations and exhausts with a tom sizes less than a micrometer. Since the ouster venture wet fume scrubber relies on the force per unit area and turbulency to blend the air and the liquid together, so an addition in force per unit area which leads to an addition in turbulency will maximize the commixture of the two flows ( the contaminated air and the liquid ) therefore taking to an addition in efficiency. The 2nd type of wet fume scrubber is known as the jammed bed moisture fume scrubber. Here a blower is used to coerce the air with contaminations to travel to the commixture chamber where the pollutants are removed. This type of wet smoke scrubbers requires less energy to run. However, it can non take atoms less than 5 microns in size. [ 2 ] [ 3 ]Dry scrubberDry scrubbers comprises of a chemical interpolation zone followed by manner of a reaction zone where the pollutant in the gas kernel treated counters with the base. Dry scouring involves two criterion procedures which are at present utilised in industries. First, a dry soaking up which introduces powered alkali soaking up agent addicted to foul gas watercourse. Second, semidry ; this instills resolute slurry into the contaminated gas watercourse and eliminates the liquid by agencies of vaporization, separating the vigorous, dry base soaking up agent. Both the procedures mentioned above eradicate base agent with an electrostatic pr ecipitator. [ 4 ] Mention: – Wang, Lawrence K, Pereira, Norman L & A ; Hung, Yung TSE. ( 2004 ) Air Pollution Control Engineering ( Volume1 ) : Dry Scrubber. USA: Human Press IncStructures of smoke scrubbersVertical smoke scrubberThe perpendicular assembly is a counter-flow type with contaminated gas traveling upwards and reticulating liquid spraying downward into the mixing country. Gaseous contaminations are absorbed by the liquid due to solubility degrees or by chemical reaction. Counter-flow scrubbers can hold higher remotion efficiency than a Horizontal Packed Bed Scrubber. The perpendicular counter-flow design typically provides the best scrubbing efficiency of bluess and is the most common design found in most industries. Figure 2 below shows an illustration.Figure 2 a perpendicular packed bed fume scrubberHorizontal smoke scrubberThis is a cross-flow design where the scouring liquid flows vertically downwards while the gas passes horizontally through the wadding commixture subdivision. A Horizontal Packed Bed Scrubber is used when limited headway is an issue at a installation or when low profile is desired for roof-top applications. Multiple phases can be easy provided in one lodging with separate sumps and pumps if required. The cross-flow design is less susceptible to bed fouling for airstreams that may incorporate solid particulate.Figure 3 A horizontal packed bed fume scrubberComponent of fume scrubberRECIRCULATING Tank CONVERGENT TOP CONE Scrub Tank MIST ELIMINATOR RECIRCULATING Pump Motor WITH BLOWER NOZZLE PIPE HOOD / DUCTFunction of constituentRECIRCULATING Tank: –Bacillus AFigure Water armored combat vehicle in a fume scrubberIt comprises of combination of legion chemical intents for scouring process and H2O provender in the function of put in for the unneeded elements to repair downwards which has been set away through mercantile establishment port. It is utilised to allow efficient use of the trustee. In this undertaking H2O is utilized in such a manner that it will blend with the dust atoms coming from the recess and will settle at the underside of the armored combat vehicle. The armored combat vehicle has a drainage mercantile establishment which will be used when the armored combat vehicle requires emptying and cleaning procedure. This is denoted by missive A in the above figure Letter B denotes at the mercantile establishment of the H2O armored combat vehicle, which is connected to the recirculating pump. This so drives the H2O upward which will be sprinkled in the scouring armored combat vehicle as explained subsequently.Convergent Top cone: –Figure Convergent Top ConeThe above figure is of a convergent cone which is comprises of the top subdivision of the fume scrubber tower. The portion is designed in such a manner that it provides a meeting way to the fluid to flux out of the fume scrubber. The convergent form allows the fluid flow to be extracted at a higher speed ensuing in a lessening in a force per unit area. This is supported by Bernoulli ‘s equation. On the top face of the convergent cone an extractor goon is placed which will make a force per unit area differential resulting in the suction of the pure air.Scrubing armored combat vehicle: –Calciferol C Bacillus AFigure Scrubbing TankThe inner of the armored combat vehicle is enveloped in the thick of acerb cogent evidence for case acid brick and it is a location where scouring development takes topographic point. Scrubing armored combat vehicle interruptions free toxic stuff and gases from air, which so gets assorted with the H2O and is deposited in the H2O armored combat vehicle as mentioned earlier. The armored combat vehicle has three recesss and one mercantile establishment. Letters a‚? , B and C are recesss and Letter is Outlet. Inlet A is the chief recess to the scouring armored combat vehicle this is from where the air enters the scouring armored combat vehicle. The air come ining the scouring armored combat vehicle is a assorted air i.e. with drosss. The elaborate dimensions of all the parts can be found in the undertaking logbook. Inlet B is the recess from which the H2O is sprinkled in to the scouring armored combat vehicle. This sprinkled H2O is will so unite with the drosss or dust and will therefore settle in the H2O armored combat vehicle at the underside of the construction. The sprinkled H2O enters the scouring armored combat vehicle by agencies of the recirculating pump connected externally. Inlet C and Outlet D are the countries where a wadding medium is placed. The ground behind the fond regard of the wadding media is to supply a maximal surface contact between the gas and the scouring liquid by easing uninterrupted formation of droplets throughout the jammed bed. This will ensue in addition in efficiency of a scrubber. The efficiency is besides depended on the tallness of the packing stuff. This maintains a unvarying volume and flow. Besides provides a high liquid to gas ratio.Moisture Eliminator: –Figure Mist EliminatorMist Eliminator is a device that is placed in order to maintain the liquid in the vas. The ground behind add-on of this characteristic is that without this characteristic the droplets become airborne and are carried out of the vas by traveling fluid which causes job as liquid gets collected in the part where it is non meant to be present. This device is besides referred to as Moisture Eliminator or Moisture centrifuges. The image below describes a general procedure of how a wet eliminator works.Figure Working process of a Mist Eliminator [ 5 ]As it can be seen from figure 5 Mist eliminator captures the liquid drains. Mist is carried by vapor. The overhead vapor shown in the figure is free of all the drosss that are being suctioned by the goon.RECIRCULATING Pump: –Figure Recirculation PumpThe chief map of the recirculation pump is to supply H2O to the scouring armored combat vehicle. The pump is driven by the motor which is fixed to the land. The motor provides a impulsive force for the H2O to be pushed into the scouring armored combat vehicle. The H2O from the H2O armored combat vehicle is suctioned by this pump. One of the positive facets of the motor design is that it will non be affected even in the instance of a presence of chemical in the H2O.Blower is a constituent that will force the air to the ambiance. The blower consists of usher vanes that direct the air flow out of the system.Motor with BlowerFigure Moto r with BlowerNozzle Pipe: –Figure Pipe with NozzleThe above diagram is of a pipe holding little pores in it. These pores allow the scattering of H2O which is coming from the recirculating pump. The working of this constituent is in the same mode as that of the sprinkler. The efficiency of this portion will hold an consequence on the efficiency of the fume scrubber. This is because the sum of H2O sprinkled from this pipe will ensue in the sum of dust being collected.Hood: –ABacillusFigure HoodThe goon is a pipe linking the fume scrubber with the blower. Inlet A is connected to the top of the convergent top cone subdivision of the fume scrubber. Mercantile establishment B is connected to the blower which will so steer the air flow out of the system as explained earlier. The decompression sicknesss in the goon will do a difference in the force per unit area and this force per unit area should be overcome by the blower in order for the system to run successfully.615852347O peration of fume scrubber12111491610131Figure Fume Scrubber Set upFigure 10 shows a complete installing set up of the fume scrubber with each of the constituents separately labelled by different Numberss. The maps of each constituent are as explained earlier, but the following description will sketch the working of the fume scrubber in an industrial environment. First, the installing is done either in a perpendicular or horizontal orientation depending on the design specification. The design selected in this scenario is of perpendicular orientation. In this peculiar type of fume scrubber assorted air enters the recess at point 1 from the room, chamber, etc. at a specified value of the volume flow rate. Item 15 are the recesss and mercantile establishments of the packing media. The map of the wadding media is to cut down the speed of the air which is coming from the recess ( item 1 ) . This will blockade the assorted air. The air is so in the assorted province inside the point 2 ( sc ouring armored combat vehicle ) . At this point, the recirculation pump ( item 13 ) is started which will so pull the H2O from the mercantile establishment in H2O armored combat vehicle ( item 10 ) into the recirculation pump and is so discharged into the pipe ( item 6 ) and from this point onward the H2O so enters the scouring armored combat vehicle by agencies of sprinkler ( item 5 ) . The H2O is so assorted with the impure air. The dust atoms in the air so combines with the H2O doing it heavier and therefore deposited at the underside of the H2O armored combat vehicle. Item 3 is the wet eliminator which collects the H2O droplets and eliminates it from the vapor. This will forestall the H2O or wet from traveling into the goon via the top conelike subdivision ( item 4 ) of the scrubber. The pure air is drawn into the goon ( item 7 ) . This suction procedure is done with the assistance of the blower ( item 14 ) . The outlet terminal of the goon is connected to a subdivision of canal which consists of usher vanes ( point 9 ) , set up in such a manner that air is directed in the upward way towards the perpendicular canal ( item 8 ) which so discharges the pure air to the ambiance. The H2O from the H2O armored combat vehicle can be extracted manually detecting the H2O quality through a crystalline screen. After the armored combat vehicle is to the full emptied the H2O can be refilled into the armored combat vehicle by an extra recess which is located at the back terminal of the H2O armored combat vehicle every bit shown as figure 16 in the figure 10. The chief characteristic of the full procedure is the proper recirculation of H2O in the system, which mixes with the impure air to cut down the pollution degrees of the incoming gaseous mixture, therefore supplying a more purified and uncontaminated air to the ambiance leting a control in the air pollution and therefore lending to the decrease in the production of green house gases ensuing in the planetary heating.Cad theoretical account of fume scrubberFigure Isometric ViewThe CAD theoretical account was made of a jammed bed fume scrubber utilizing pro applied scientist. The fume scrubber was designed by piecing together different parts. The parts of the fume scrubber were modelled separately and so assembled together. The diagram above shows a fume scrubber with all parts assembled together. The bluish chamber has been made transparent to enable the reader to see the internal parts of the fume scrubber. The parts were explained separately in a old subdivision. The assembly was made by stipulating the restraints for each portion. For illustration, the bluish chamber is to be steadfastly attached to the ruddy base. Therefore, the restraints were specified that at the junction between the bluish chamber and the ruddy base, an Ten way and Y way restraint was applied. Another illustration is the long ruddy connection tubing that joins the bluish chamber at the top. In that instance, the restraints are that the axes go throughing through the Centres of each must be coinciding i.e. the cross subdivisions of the two tubings must be homocentric. The same can be applied to all the other parts in the assembly. After the basic construction of the fume scrubber has been made by piecing the single parts, the moving parts and the mechanisms had to be specified. The chief moving machine is the blower which made of the fan and the motor. First, the mechanism was specified. The mechanism used was a rotating articulation applied to the shaft of the fan and the blower. Then, the way of rotary motion of the mechanism was specified. Finally, the interaction with other parts of the assembly was specified. This is fundamentally to guarantee that no struggle occurs when the joint rotates e.g. such as the fan clashing with the base or with the ruddy goon. This was a really basic description of the methodological analysis employed in piecing the fume scrubber and making the gesture simulation. The figure 12 on the following page shows the front position of the fume scrubber for better apprehension of the system and besides the construction.Figure Fume ScrubberCFD of fume scrubberThe CFD ( Comp utational Fluid Dynamics ) analysis theoretical accounts the flow of the air through the fume scrubber. This gives a basic thought of the flight of the airstream and helps the interior decorators to modify the construction consequently. The CFD simulates how the watercourse behaves from entry to go out, and bespeaking the countries where the flow looses energy. The airstream used here is simulated at a volume flow rate of 10m3/s fluxing in from the chief recess country. Plots below are of the speed contour secret plans and of Velocity and Velocity in the y-direction.Figure: speed contour secret planFigure: Y – speed counter secret planThe graph shows the speed of the airstream at different countries of the flow inside the chief vas. As can be observed, the speed is the highest at the top of the fume scrubber, bespeaking that the air moves at a high velocity at the top. Areas at a low speed have dveloped whirls, which result due to air at opposite speeds fluxing adjacently, doing the speeds to call off out. Looking at the Y – speed secret plan, it can be seen that some portion of the recess air flow moves upwards straight, while another volume of air moves downwardly. This portion so bounces back in to the upwards traveling air and merges with the flow.Figure: Flow Trajectory of airstreamThe above secret plan gives a clear simulation of the flow forms of the air flow inside the construction signifier recess to outlet. As can be seen, th is trajectory representation mirrors the speed contour secret plans. Air moves from the recess in both the upwards and the downwards way. Upwards speed reaches its upper limit at the top of the mercantile establishment cone, while the other portion of the air flows back from the bottom towards the top. In the diagram, it can be seen that the air from the underside of the fume scrubber merges with the upwards fluxing air, which accelerates it further and tends to travel it towards the top mercantile establishment. The air flow simulated here is wholly disruptive. This means that the streamlines are non laminal and be given to travel in different waies once they exit the controlled infinite of the recess pipe. This pattern is true in the sense that a true complete laminar flow does non be in the existent universe, and to pattern the flight of the air as a turbulent fluid flow will give more accurate readings, which will be helpful in usage for farther computations which can be taken o ut for different parametric quantities.FEA of fume scrubberWhen planing a portion or constituent, it is necessary to analyze the elements and understand the forces impacting the operation of the system, and to set the construction consequently to obtain a successful theoretical account of the concluding merchandise. Transporting out the FEA ( Finite Element Analysis ) of a construction reveals the emphasis degrees, strain undertaken, and the supplanting of the construction under the applied force. There are assorted forces moving on the fume scrubber, nevertheless, the chief forces which apply a important consequence of the construction are the weight of the construction itself, the weight of the H2O in the H2O armored combat vehicle, and the force exerted by the inflowing airstream. However, sing the stuff selected for the fume scrubber, which is unstained steel 304, the initial premise is that the construction will hold a high value of the factor of safety, which is an optimal factor used to depict the dependability and sustainability of the fume scrubber.13.1 CalculationsSee Appendix for measure by measure computation carried out to cipher the weight of the construction. Besides the computation for the Head losingss in the recirculation pump can be found in the Appendix.13.2 AnalysisThe FEA analysis of the fume scrubber is evaluated by sing it being fixed at the base of the theoretical account. This ensures that the fume scrubber does non skid from its base. However some scrubbers might be intended to hold a sliding base, they have different specifications to go to to.Figure: fixture of the base of the H2O armored combat vehicleThe forces being applied on the construction are the weight and the force per unit area due to the H2O and air. However, the air is fluxing at a comparatively low velocity and due to its low denseness, it does non impact a force sufficient plenty to associate to the weight and H2O force per unit area, therefore it is omitted from the computations for the simplification of the modeling. Transporting out engagement of the chief construction, it provides with the values of the emphasis distribution, supplanting and the factor of safety of the construction. These belongingss are really utile when depicting the sum of force that the stuff can defy. It besides suffices as to how much excess burden above the design emphasis can be undertaken by the construction if needed.Figure: emphasis distributionThe figure shows the emphasis distribution across the construction due to the weight of the construction and the force per unit area on the H2O armored combat vehicle due to the H2O contained in it. As can be seen, the maximal emphasis occurs at the Centre of the H2O armored combat vehicle, which is about 39.2 MPa. This occurs because the centreline of the H2O armored combat vehicle experiences weight of the construction from the top and the reaction of the base from the underside, which tends to make a high emphasis at the center of the armored combat vehicle.Figure: supplant ing secret planThe supplanting secret plan mirrors the emphasis secret plan in footings of the critical countries where the supplanting is at a upper limit. Although the supplanting is higher on the armored combat vehicle than at the other countries, the value is comparatively low, approximately 0.09034mm and does non impact the armored combat vehicle in any physical position.Figure: factor of safety secret planAs represented by the factor of safety secret plan, the minimal factor of safety is about 5.27, which occurs at the H2O armored combat vehicle. This means that the construction can at least prolong about more than 5 times the emphasis that it was designed to achieve. This reflects the dependability and sustainability of the construction, which is really important to any company willing to put in it. This besides represents a step of the life-time of the fume scrubber, detailing how long the system will work expeditiously until it is sent to be scrapped.DiscussionThe usage of fume scrubbers in industry is increasing and is being incorporated in different procedures such as metal intervention, metal pickling, and machining. The efficiency of fume scrubbers available today can near 99.9 % . The procedure of smoke scouring is of import for the protection of the environment and for wash uping the gases and contaminated air produced or used by the assorted industrial procedures described above. The design of fume scrubbers is a long and iterative procedure. The demands for fume scrubbers are that they must be able to scour exhausts with atoms that can be less than five micrometers in size. The operation of the fume scrubber will differ harmonizing to the rule employed. These different rules of operation have been discussed in this study in item. Furthermore, a moisture packed bed perpendicular smoke scrubber has been described in inside informations in this study with the design procedure outlined and the analysis of the scrubber. The analysis included transp orting out a CFD analysis to see the public presentation of the scrubber in footings of decelerating down the air and supplying the force per unit area needed for the disruptive commixture of the smoke atoms and gases with the cleansing liquid ( which efficaciously works by fade outing the gases and atoms in the exhausts ) . In this peculiar design although is non shown here, many jobs were encountered in the design of this scrubber to enable the efficient commixture to take topographic point. So, the system was modified several times to make the coveted public presentation. In the CFD analysis, as discussed in the CFD subdivision it is noted that the velocity at the recess to the scrubber of the spray ( the cleansing liquid spray ) was reduced as the country of the cross-section of the fume scrubber increased. This created some jobs in the initial design as it led to †uncontrolled † flow of the liquid spray significance that it is disruptive but, it does non follow the way intended for it to travel through. This job was solved by the aid of CFD analysis together with the fluid kineticss knowledge base. The force per unit area inside the fume scrubber is non high ( at least in this instance as the type used was packed bed type ) . If the design made were a venturi type smoke scrubber, so the force per unit area used will hold to be considered since it can be rather high. However, in the instance of the design presented here the force per unit area was non high and so it was ignored when a emphasis analysis was carried out. There are grounds for this. First, the force per unit area is really little and handling the fume scrubber as a force per unit area vas, it is seen by transporting out a simple computation that the emphasis in the walls, which will be maximal as a hoop emphasis, will non be high to be of importance. However, the perpendicular smoke scrubber besides acts a column or a prance and is subjected to a burden due to its ain weight that acts as a compaction burden ( ideally ) which can do buckling of the scrubber. Buckling is an utmost instance as the wall thickness has to be really little and the tallness of the fume scrubber really big or the stuff from which it is made is holding a low snap modulus. The FEA showed that no buckling was at that place and so the compaction strength of the scrubber was equal. There is a safety factor for the scrubber and this besides takes into history the little force per unit area rise inside the scrubber. Again, the emphasiss in the walls due to the internal force per unit area have been ignored because these are little plenty to be neglected but for a venture type, these would hold been basically included in the emphasis analysis of the scrubber.DecisionThe decision from the above is that the usage of fume scrubber is a really cost effectual method of cleaning procedure air from the exhausts and suspended atoms in the air. The concern director or the mill which wishes to use fum e scrubbers in its operations will be benefit from improved pureness of the fumes gases and better working environment in welding and metal machining premises. The clean air is an indispensable legal demand today and the usage of fume scrubbers helps make the set aims. Furthermore, the fume scrubber reduces environmental pollution that arises due to the particulates every bit good as the acidic and caustic gases produced in the exhausts. The chief issues to see are the type of fume scrubber to use, the constellation, and the cost of the scrubber. The type will be dictated by the energy supply available to run the scrubber as the venture type scrubbers need to bring forth a high force per unit area spray which requires a big energy input. The jammed bed type has lower energy demands. The constellation to utilize i.e. horizontal or perpendicular will be dictated by the infinite available in the premises where the fume scrubber will be installed. The concluding factor is the cost of th e scrubber which can be justified by transporting a cost analysis to compare the different types of the scrubbers to utilize.Mentions: –Kingston University, ( Internet ) Available at & lt ; & lt ; hypertext transfer protocol: //www.monroeenvironmental.com/air-scrubber-venturi.htm accessed 18/04/2010 & gt ; & gt ; Kingston University, ( Internet ) Available at hypertext transfer protocol: //en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ejector_venturi_scrubber accessed on 18/04/2010 Kingston University, ( Internet ) available at hypertext transfer protocol: //en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Packed_bed accessed on 18/04/2010 Wang, Lawrence K, Pereira, Norman L & A ; Hung, Yung TSE. ( 2004 ) Air Pollution Control Engineering ( Volume1 ) : Dry Scrubber. USA: Human Press Inc Kingston University, ( Internet ) Available at hypertext transfer protocol: //www.amistco.com/PRODUCTS/ELIMINATORS/index.html accessed on 19/04/2010. Kingston University, ( cyberspace ) Available at & lt ; & lt ; hypertext transfer protocol: //www.engineeringtoolbox.com/reynold-number-water-flow-pipes-d_574.html accessed on 21/04/2010 & gt ; & gt ; Kingston University, ( cyberspace ) available at & lt ; & lt ; hypertext transfer protocol: //www.pipeflow.co.uk/public/articles/Darcy_Weisbach_Formula.pdf accessed on 22/04/2010 & gt ; & gt ; Kingston University, ( Internet ) available at hypertext transfer protocol: //opencourseware.kfupm.edu.sa/colleges/ces/che/che309/files % 5C2-Experiments_Losses_in_Pipe_systems.pdf accessed on 22/04/2010. Kingston University, ( Internet ) available at hypertext transfer protocol: //www.thermexcel.com/english/ressourc/pdclocal.htm Kingston University, hypertext transfer protocol: //mysite.du.edu/~jcalvert/tech/fluids/orifice.htm hypertext transfer protocol: //www.surechem.com.my/download/eijkelkamp/P2/P2-25e.pdf www.pipeflow.co.uk/public/articles/Darcy_Weisbach_formula.pdf Mention: -Kingston University ( Internet ) , available at: hypertext transfer protocol: //process-equipment.globalspec.com/learnMore/Manufaturing_Process_Equipment/Air_Quality/ScrubbersBibliography